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Control of atmospheric CO_2 concentrations by 2050: A calculation on the emission rights of different countries

Science china Earth sciences 2009年第10期52卷 1447-1469页

作者： DING ZhongLi1, DUAN XiaoNan2, GE QuanSheng3 & ZHANG ZhiQiang4 1 institute of Geology and Geophysics, chinese academy of sciences, Beijing 100029, china 2 The General Office of chinese academy of sciences, Beijing 100864, china 3 institute of Geographic sciences and Natural Resources Research, chinese academy of sciences, Beijing 100101, china 4 The lanzhou Branch of the National Science Library, the Scientific Information Center for Resources and Environment, lanzhou 73.000, china institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 China The General Office of chinese academy of sciences Beijing 100864 China institute of Geographic sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy

This paper is to provide quantitative data on some critical issues in anticipation of the forthcoming international negotiations in Denmark on the control of atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Instead of letting only a small number of countries dominate a few controversial dialogues about emissions reductions, a comprehensive global system must be established based on emissions allowances for different countries, to realize the long-term goal of controlling global atmospheric CO2 concentrations. That a system rooted in "cumulative emissions per capita," the best conception of the "common but differentiated responsibilities" principle affirmed by the Kyoto Protocol according to fundamental standards of fairness and justice, was demonstrated. Based on calculations of various countries' cumulative emissions per capita, estimates of their cumulative emissions from 1900 to 2005, and their annual emissions allowances into the future (2006―2050), a 470 ppmv atmospheric CO2 concentration target was set. According to the following four objective indicators―total emissions allowance from 1900 to 2050, actual emissions from 1900 to 2005, emissions levels in 2005, and the average growth rate of emissions from 1996 to 2005―all countries and regions whose population was more than 300000 in 2005 were divided into four main groups: countries with emissions deficits, countries and regions needing to reduce their gross emissions, countries and regions needing to reduce their emissions growth rates, and countries that can maintain the current emissions growth rates. Based on this proposal, most G8 countries by 2005 had already expended their 2050 emissions allowances. The accu-mulated financial value based on emissions has reached more than 5.5 trillion US dollars (20 dollars per ton of CO2). Even if these countries could achieve their ambitious emissions reduction targets in the future, their per capita emissions from 2006 to 2050 would still be much higher than those of developing coun

关键词： international negotiations on climate change cumulative emissions per capita emission allowance

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Formation of Ultrafine Metal Particles and Metal Oxide Precursor on Anodized Al by Electrolysis Deposition

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Journal of Materials Science & Technology 2000年第1期16卷 50-54页

作者： Lingchuan LI (institute of chemical Metallurgy, chinese academy of sciences, Beijing 100080, china) institute of chemical Metallurgy Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100080 China

Nickel was deposited by ac electrolysis deposition in the pores of the porous oxide film of Al produced by anodizing in phosphoric acid. Ultrafine rod-shaped Ni particles were formed in the pores. At the same time a film of Ni oxide precursor was developed on the surface of the porous oxide film. The Ni particles and the Ni oxide precursor were examined by SEM, TEM and X-ray diffraction. The thickness of the barrier layer of the porous oxide film was thin and it attributed to the formation of the metal particles, while the formation of the oxide precursor was associated with the surface pits which were developed in the pretreatment of Al.

关键词： Al Formation of Ultrafine Metal Particles and Metal Oxide Precursor on Anodized Al by Electrolysis Deposition

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Fission Angular Distributions for the Incomplete Fusion Reactions

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chinese journal of nuclear physics 1997年第2期19卷 88-94页

作者： Liu Guoxing Chen Keliang Yu Xian Dai Guangxi institute of Modern physics,the chinese academy of sciences,lanzhou 73.000 中科院近代物理所甘肃兰州

The fission angular distributions for the 16O+159Tb,16O+197Au and 16O+209Bi reac-tions are measured by the solid state nuclear track *** subtraction of the contribu-tion of intermediate mass fragment（IMF）,the fission angular distributions are fitted by thetransitional state statistical model（TSM）and the single-spin standard theory is used to extractthe spins of the fissioning *** relation between spins and bombarding energy is dis-cussed.

关键词： Incomplete fusion Sequential fission Fission nuclei spin

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Microwave Effect on Selective Oxidation of Toluene to Benzoic Acid over Modified V2O5/TiO2

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分子催化 1997年第5期 4-5页

作者： LIU Ye LIU Pu GAO Runxiong ZHAO Zhuanyun YIN Yuanqi 1) (lanzhou institute of chemical physics The chinese academy of sciences lanzhou 73.000)

ＭｉｃｒｏｗａｖｅＥｆｅｃｔｏｎＳｅｌｅｃｔｉｖｅＯｘｉｄａｔｉｏｎｏｆＴｏｌｕｅｎｅｔｏＢｅｎｚｏｉｃＡｃｉｄｏｖｅｒＭｏｄｉｆｉｅｄＶ２Ｏ５／ＴｉＯ２ＬＩＵＹｅＬＩＵＰｕＧＡＯＲｕｎｘｉｏｎｇＺＨＡＯＺｈｕａｎｙ... 详细信息

ＭｉｃｒｏｗａｖｅＥｆｅｃｔｏｎＳｅｌｅｃｔｉｖｅＯｘｉｄａｔｉｏｎｏｆＴｏｌｕｅｎｅｔｏＢｅｎｚｏｉｃＡｃｉｄｏｖｅｒＭｏｄｉｆｉｅｄＶ２Ｏ５／ＴｉＯ２ＬＩＵＹｅＬＩＵＰｕＧＡＯＲｕｎｘｉｏｎｇＺＨＡＯＺｈｕａｎｙｕｎＹＩＮＹｕａｎｑｉ１）（Ｌａｎ...

关键词： Microwave V 2O 5/TiO 2 Toluene Catalytic oxidation Benzoic acid

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Charmed Baryon in Diquark Model

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原子核物理评论 2009年第S1期26卷 190-193页

作者： WANG Qing-wu1,3, ZHANG Peng-ming1,2(1 institute of Modern physics, chinese academy of sciences, lanzhou 73.000, china 2 Center of Theoretical Nuclear physics, National Laboratory of Heavy Ion Research Facility in lanzhou,lanzhou 73.000, china 3 Graduate School of chinese academy of sciences, Beijing 100049, china) institute of Modern physics Chinese Academy of SciencesLanzhou 730000China Graduate School of chinese academy of sciences Beijing 100049China institute of Modern physics Chinese Academy of SciencesLanzhou 730000China Center of Theoretical Nuclear physics National Laboratory of Heavy Ion Research Facility in LanzhouLanzhou 730000China

A diquark model is used to investigate single-charmed baryons. In this model,baryon is composed of two diquarks and an antiquark. Masses of lowest lying states with JP=1/2± are obtained. Baryons in our results are as heavy as other theoretic predictions and we suggest that the five-quark components should be considered in any three-quark model for studying the charmed baryons.

关键词： charm diquark pentaquark

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Three-dimensional decomposition method of global atmospheric circulation

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Science china Earth sciences 2008年第3期51卷 386-402页

作者： LIU HaiTao1,2,3, HU ShuJuan4, XU Ming5 & CHOU JiFan6,7 1 State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, institute of Atmospheric physics, chinese academy of sciences, Beijing 100029, china 2 Graduate University of chinese academy of sciences, Beijing 100049, china 3 Beijing Climate Center, Beijing 100089, china 4 Department of Mathematics, lanzhou University, lanzhou 73.000, china 5 Shanghai Typhoon institute, Shanghai 200030, china 6 Department of Atmospheric sciences, lanzhou University, lanzhou 73.000, china 7 china Meteorological Administration Training Center, Beijing 100089, china 1. State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 China 2. Graduate University of chinese academy of sciences Beijing 100049 China 3. Beijing Climate Center Beijing 100089 China 4. Department of Mathematics Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China 5. Shanghai Typhoon institute Shanghai 200030 China 6. Department of Atmospheric sciences Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China 7. china Meteorological Administration Training Center Beijing 100089 China

By adopting the idea of three-dimensional Walker, Hadley and Rossby stream functions, the global atmospheric circulation can be considered as the sum of three stream functions from a global perspective. Therefore, a m... 详细信息

关键词： three-dimensional decomposition of the global atmospheric circulation generalized Walker Hadley and Rossby stream functions existence and uniqueness vertical motion

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THE CATALYSIS OF IRON-COBALT BIMETALLIC CLUSTERS——*** STABILITY AND DECOMPOSITION REACTION OF[R_4N][FeCo_3(CO)_(12)]IN SOLUTION

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分子催化 1989年第S1期3卷 8-14页

作者： Xue Shunqing, Wu Guangsun, Luo Yuzhong, FuHongxiang,Yang Xiaohe, Liu Shengming (lanzhou institute of chemical physics, chinese academy of sciences, lanzhou, china)

Thermal decomposition of[R4N][FeCo3（CO）12][I]（R=ethyl,butyl,hexadecyl,benzyltrimethyl,benzyltriethyl）in n-heptane,toluene and methanol was investigated bythe in situ high pressure IR spectroscopic *** results show that underhydroformylation conditions all clusters decompose to Co2（CO）8,Fe（CO）5 and the salt ofCo（CO）4-,and Co2（CO）8 reacts with H2 to form HCo（CO）4.Thermal stability of theclusters decrease with the increase of polarity of *** the hydroformylation con-ditions,IR spectra of the clusters are compatible with those of Fe（CO）5+Co2（CO）8+[R4N]Cl *** of the stabilizing effect or tetra-alkylammonium cation,when the tem-perature drops below 50℃ after decomposition of the clusters,the characteristic absorptionbands of the clusters appear again,so the decomposition process is reversible.

关键词： FeCo CO IN SOLUTION compatible tetra decompose reversible polarity heating spectroscopic

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Global analysis theory of climate system and its applications

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chinese Science Bulletin 2003年第10期48卷 1034-1039页

作者： LI Jianping1,2 & CHOU Jifan2,3 1. LASG, institute of Atmospheric physics, chinese academy of sciences, Beijing 100029, china 2. Department of Atmospheric sciences, lanzhou University, lanzhou 73.000, china 3. Training Center for china Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, china Department of Atmospheric sciences Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China LASG Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 China

The idea and main theoretical results of the global analysis theory of climate system are briefly summarized in this paper. A theorem on the global behavior of climate system is given, i.e. there exists a global attractor in the dynamical equations of climate, any state of climate system will be evolved into the global attractor as time increases, indicating the nonlinear adjustment process of climate system to external forcing. The different effects of external forcing, dissipation and nonlinearity on the long-term behavior of solutions are pointed out, and some main applications of the global analysis theory are also introduced. Especially, three applications, the adjustment and evolution processes of climate, the principle of numerical model design and the optimally numerical integration, are discussed.

关键词：整体分析理论气侯体系应用不定性计算法则气侯科学数字模型

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Experimental test of a new neutron threshold detector and its application

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Nuclear Science and Techniques 2002年第3期13卷 149-155页

作者： LI Gui-Sheng, ZHANG Tian-Mei, SU You-Wu, LI Shu-Wei(institute of Modern physics, the chinese academy of sciences, lanzhou 73.000) institute of Modern physics the Chinese Academyo f Sciences Lanzhou 730000 institute of Modern physics the Chinese Academyo f Sciences Lznahou 730000

The possibility of using 209Bi as a new threshold detector to measurc high-energy neutrons was investigated for the first time. At the same time the experiment measured successfully the emitted neutron fiuence rate, energy spectrum and dose equivalent rate distributions in the heavy ion target area using a detector complex including 209Bi, 115In, 27A1, 19F and 12C samples.

关键词：阈探测器中子谱实验

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Analysis of products of thymine irradiated by ^(18)O^(8+) ion beam in N_2O saturated aqueous solution

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Nuclear Science and Techniques 1999年第3期10卷 180-183页

作者： CAI Xichen WEI Zengquan LI Wenjian LIANG Jianping LI Qiang (institute of Modern physics, the chinese academy of sciences, lanzhou 73.000) institute of Modern physics Chinese Academy of sciences Lanzhou 730000 China

Some methods of capillary gas chromatography, such as GC, GC-MS,GC-FT-IR, are used to analyze the products of thymine irradiated by 18O8+ ion beam in N2O saturated aqueous solution. From the results of GC-MS the molecular weight of products can be determined, and from the results of GC-FT-IR some molecular structure information of products can be obtained. By this way the products,5,6-Dihydrothyndne, 5-Hydroxyl-5-Methylhydantoin, 5-Hydroxyl-6-Hydrothymine, 5-Hydro-6-Hydroxylthymine, 5-Hydroxymethyluracil, Trans-Thymine glycol, Cis-Thymine glycol and dimers are determined without separation of them from samples. Though these products are as same as those products of thymine irradiated by γ rays in N2O saturated aqueous solution, the mechanism of thymine irradiated by heavy ion beam in aqueous solution is different from that by γ rays. The main products of thymine irradiated by 18O8+ ion beam in N2O saturated aqueous solution are hydroxyl adducts at 5-6 band of thymine, while the main products of thymine irradiated by γ ray in N2O saturated aqueous solution are dimers of thymine.

关键词： ^18O^8+离子束辐照胸腺碱 N2O饱和水溶液

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