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Mechanism for calcite dissolution and its contribution to development of reservoir porosity and permeability in the Kela 2 gas field,Tarim Basin,china

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Science china Earth Sciences 2008年第4期51卷 567-578页

作者： YU BingSong1,3. DONG HailLiang2,3.& RUAN Zhuang1,3.1 State Key laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, china university of geosciences, Beijing 100083. china 2 Department of Geology, Miami{3.,Oxford, OH 45056, USA 3.geomicrobiology laboratory, china university of geosciences, Beijing, 100083. china State Key laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources China University of Geosciences Beijing China geomicrobiology laboratory China University of Geosciences Beijing China Department of Geology Miami University Oxford USA

This study is undertaken to understand how calcite precipitation and dissolution contributes to depth-related changes in porosity and permeability of gas-bearing sandstone reservoirs in the Kela 2 gas field of the Tarim Basin, Northwestern china. Sandstone samples and pore water samples are col-lected from well KL201 in the Tarim Basin. Vertical profiles of porosity, permeability, pore water chem-istry, and the relative volume abundance of calcite/dolomite are constructed from 3.00 to 4000 m below the ground surface within major oil and gas reservoir rocks. Porosity and permeability values are in-versely correlated with the calcite abundance, indicating that calcite dissolution and precipitation may be controlling porosity and permeability of the reservoir rocks. Pore water chemistry exhibits a sys-tematic variation from the Na2SO4 type at the shallow depth (3.00-3.3. m), to the NaHCO3.type at the intermediate depth (3.3.―3.95 m),and to the CaCl2 type at the greater depth (3.28―3.3. m). The geochemical factors that control the calcite solubility include pH, temperature, pressure, Ca2+ concen-tration, the total inorganic carbon concentration (ΣCO2), and the type of pore water. Thermodynamic phase equilibrium and mass conservation laws are applied to calculate the calcite saturation state as a function of a few key parameters. The model calculation illustrates that the calcite solubility is strongly dependent on the chemical composition of pore water, mainly the concentration difference between the total dissolved inorganic carbon and dissolved calcium concentration (i.e., [ΣCO2] -[Ca2+]). In the Na2SO4 water at the shallow depth, this index is close to 0, pore water is near the calcite solubility. Calcite does not dissolve or precipitate in significant quantities. In the NaHCO3.water at the intermedi-ate depth, this index is greater than 0, and pore water is supersaturated with respect to calcite. Massive calcite precipitation was observed at this depth interval and

关键词： calcite dissolution porosity thermodynamic Tarim Basin

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The equilibrium between diagenetic calcites and dolomites and its impact on reservoir quality in the sandstone reservoir of Kela 2 gas field

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Progress in Natural Science:Materials International 2007年第9期17卷 1051-1058页

作者： Gao Zhiqian1,Yu Bingsong2,3.and Lai Xingyun2,3.1.School of Energy Resources,china university of geosciences,Beijing{3.china 2.State Key laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources,china university of geosciences,Beijing{3.china 3.Ministry of Education Key laboratory of Lithosphere Structure,Deep Processes and Exploration Technique,china university of geosciences,Beijing{3.china) School of Energy Resources China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 China State Key laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 China Ministry of Education Key laboratory of Lithosphere Structure Deep Processes and Exploration Technique China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 China

Based on the equilibrium theory of chemical reactions between water and rocks,this paper establishes a thermodynamic phase relationship diagram among calcites,dolomites and water solution under the condition of diagenesis based on the thermodynamic database of related minerals and fluids and dolomite's degree of order *** has been discovered that the equilibrium between calcites and dolomites in the diagenetic environment is strongly impacted by temperature and the Ca/Mg ratios in groundwater,and that the dolomite's degree of order in the diagenetic environment is a function of crystallization temperature and time,not controlled by water ***,the authors make a further analysis of the close relationship of chemical reaction between carbonate cements and pore water in the sandstone reservoirs of Kala 2 gas field in Kuche *** can be seen that there are different impacts on sandstone reservoir quality among the equilibrium system of calcites,dolomites and pore water at different depths of reservoirs.

关键词： diagenesis equilibrium between calcites and dolomites secondary pores Kela 2 gas field

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Indian Ocean-MORB-type isotopic signature of Yushigou ophiolite in North Qilian Mountains and its implications

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Science china Earth Sciences 2006年第6期49卷 561-572页

作者： HOU Qingye1,2, ZHAO Zhidan1,2, ZHANG Hongfei3. ZHANG Benren3.& CHEN Yuelong2 1. State Key laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, china university of geosciences, Beijing 100083. china 2. School of Earth Science and Mineral Resources, china university of geosciences, Beijing 100083. china 3. Faculty of Earth Sciences, china university of geosciences, Wuhan 43.074, china State Key laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources China University of Geosciences Beijing China School of Earth Science and Mineral Resources China University of Geosciences Beijing China Faculty of Earth Sciences China University of Geosciences Wuhan China

In order to explore the disputed issue concerning the tectonic affinity ofthe ancient ocean mantle of North Qilian Mountains (NQM), geochemical and Sr, Nd, Pb isotopiccompositions of pillow basalts of the Yushigou Ophiolite (YSGO) suite from NQM have been analyzedsystematically. The pillow basalts exhibit tholeiitic characteristics, with flatchondrite-normalized REE patterns ((La/Yb)_N = 0.98—1.27). They display no Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf negativeanomalies, and show MORB features in 2Nb-Zr/4-Y and Ti/100-Zr-YX3.tectonic discrimination *** results indicate that the Yushigou ophiolite is most likely to be formed in a mid-ocean ridgeor mature back-arc basin. Their isotopic data show a relatively broad and enriched ^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr(0.70509 — 0.70700), restricted ^(143.Nd/^(144)Nd (0.512955-0.512978). Pb isotopes are in the rangeof ^(206)Pb/^(204)Pb (18.054-20.562), ^(207)Pb/^(204)Pb (15.53.-15.743. and ^(208)Pb/^(204)Pb(3..068-3..53.). These isotopic data imply that the basalts originated from the depleted mantle(DMM), with the involvement of enriched mantle components (mainly EMII). Geochemical comparisonsbetween the basalts in YSGO and the MORB-type basalts of ophiolite suites occurring in the knownancient Tethyan tectonic domain indicate that the ancient oceanic mantle represented by YSGO suiteforming in early Paleozoic in the North Qilian Moutains is very similar to the Tethyan mantle inboth trace elements and isotopic compositions. The North Qilian Mountains should be a part of theTethyan tectonic domain in early Paleozoic. This further implies that the Tethyan tectonic domaincan be deduced to early Paleozoic in the study area, which will be helpful to discussing thetectonic affinity and evolution of the North Qilian Mountains.

关键词： geochemistry, Indian Ocean-MORB-type isotopic signatures, Tethyan tectonic domain, Yushigou ophiolite, North Qilian Mountains.

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Petrogenesis of Songshugou dunite body in the Qinling orogenic belt, Central china: Constraints from geochemistry and melt inclusions

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Science china Earth Sciences 2005年第8期48卷 1146-1157页

作者： SU Li1,2, SONG Shuguang3.& ZHOU Dingwu1 1. Key laboratory of Continental Dynamics of the Ministry of Education, Department of Geology, Northwestern university, Xi’an 710069, china 2. The Geological Lab Center,{3. (Beijing), Beijing 100083. china 3. Key laboratory of Orogenic Belts of the Ministry of Education, Department of Geology, Peking university, Beijing 100871, china Key laboratory of Continental Dynamics of the Ministry of Education Department of Geology Northwestern University Xi’an China The Geological Lab Center China University of Geosciences (Beijing)Beijing China Key laboratory of Orogenic Belts of the Ministry of Education Department of Geology Peking University Beijing China

The Songshugou dunite body, which occupies an area of about 20 km2, is the largest ultramafic massif in the eastern Qinling orogenic belt, Central china. The major compo-nent of this body is dunitic rocks including mylonitic dunite and coarse-grained dunite; they oc-cupy about 95 vol% of the total body. Petrography, mineral composition, major and trace ele-ments and primitive melt inclusions have been investigated in this paper; all revealed that this dunite body is the product of melt-rock interaction by porous percolation flow. In comparison with dunite sills or veins in harzburgite from the basal part of Oman ophiolite, this dunite body is characterized by lower contents of Al2O3. CaO and HREE but higher content of highly incom-patible elements and Zr and Hf. The LREE enriched patterns and primitive mantle normalized spidergrams of trace elements are also different from the Oman dunite. Combining with melt in-clusions observed in olivines, we conclude that this dunite body is the product of large- scale porous percolation flow of high-MgO melts within depleted mantle peridotites. The high-MgO magma, in essence, was most probably produced at the hot head of an upwelling mantle plume. The occurrence of the Songshugou dunite body is closely associated with the activity of mantle super-plume in Neo-Proterozoic era in the Yangtze Craton.

关键词： Songshugou dunite body, geochemistry, melt inclusion, mantle plume, Qinling orogenic belt.

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Progress and review of the studies on the end-Triassic mass extinction event

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Science china Earth Sciences 2005年第12期48卷 2049-2060页

作者： DENG Shenghui1,2, LU Yuanzheng1,2,3.& XU Daoyi4 1. Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, Beijing 100083. china 2. Key laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir of Petrochina, Beijing 100083. china 3. china university of geosciences, Beijing 100083. china 4. Institute of Geology, china Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100029, china Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development Beijing China Key laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir of Petrochina Beijing China china university of geosciences Beijing China Institute of Geology China Earthquake Administration Beijing China

The mass extinction at the end-Triassic is one of the five biggest in the Phanerozoic. However,it is the least well understood among these five events, and only till last decade it became a great academic interesting subject to geologists. The evidences for this event come obviously from bivalves, brachiopods, ammonites, corals, radiolaria, ostracods and foraminifera of marine habitats, and plants and tetrapods of terrestrial realm. By contrast, for some of other groups, such as marine gastropods and marine vertebrates, no mass extinction has been recog-nized yet. The extinction event is strongly marked at specific level but shown a complicated situa-tion at generic and family levels. Dramatic changing of the environment, such as the temperature raise due to the greenhouse effect, the marine anoxic habitats caused by a sudden transgression after the regression at the end of Triassic, has been claimed to be the main cause of the extinction. Many hypotheses have been suggested to demonstrate the mechanisms of the environment changing, among which two popular ones are the bolide impact and volcanic eruption. The Triassic-Jurassic (Tr-J) boundary mass extinction event is still poorly understood because no enough data have been obtained from the Tr-J boundary successional sections of both marine and terrestrial sediments, and most of these studies were regionally restricted. The basic aspects of the event and its associated environmental conditions remain poorly characterized and the causal mechanism or mechanisms are equivocal. Some authors even doubt its occurrence. china has many successionally developed terrestrial and marine Tr-J sections. Detailed studies of these sections may be important and significant for well understanding of the event.

关键词： progress, review, end-Triassic, mass extinction, mechanism, Tr-J boundary.

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The role of aerial algae in the formation of the landscape of the Yunnan Stone Forest,Yunnan Province, china

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Science china Earth Sciences 2004年第9期47卷 846-864页

作者： TIAN Youping1,3. ZHANG Jie2, SONG Linhua1 & BAO Haosheng2 1. Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, china 2. Department of Geography, Nanjing university, Nanjing 210093. china 3. School of Earth Sciences and Resources,{3., Beijing 100083. china Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China School of Earth Sciences and Resources China University of Geosciences Beijing China Department of Geography Nanjing University Nanjing China

Aerial algae on the surface of carbonate rocks at the Stone Forest, Shilin County, Yunnan Province, china, and their bioerosion were investigated in the field and studied in the laboratory in detail. Through the observation, identification and statistics of more than one hun- dred algal samples and rock samples with the optical microscopes (stereomicroscope, biological microscope) and the scanning electronic microscope (SEM), the relationships between erosional forms on the surface of the Stone Forest and algae and/or algal communities and the genetic mechanism for the formation of erosional forms were analyzed. It is suggested that aerial algae play an active role in bioerosive processes that may affect the formation of karst erosional forms. These effects include both direct and indirect ones. The direct effect is the initiative control (algal shape-controlling role) of algae on the formation of karst forms of various scales, mostly mi- cro-scale (3.) and minor-scale (10-3.10-1m) erosional forms. The algal shape-controlling roles can be divided into the algal individual shape-controlling role and the algal community shape-controlling role. The former mostly controls the formation of micro-scale erosional forms, while the latter mostly controls the formation of micro-scale and smaller minor-scale erosional forms. The indirect effect refers to the promoting role of algae in the formation of karst forms, which may affect the formation of karst forms of all types and scales. The bioerosion of algae accelerates the weathering process of the whole Stone Forest karst landforms.

关键词： aerial algae, bioerosion, the Stone Forest, Yunnan Province, china.

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Dehydration melting of solid amphibolite at 2.0 GPa: Effects of time and temperature

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Science china Earth Sciences 2005年第8期48卷 1120-1133页

作者： ZHOU Wenge1, XIE Hongsen1, LIU Yonggang1, ZHENG Xiaogang1, ZHAO Zhidan2 & ZHOU Hui3.1. laboratory of Material in the Earth’s Interior, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, china 2. Department of Geology, china university of geosciences, Beijing{3. 3. Department of Geology, Peking university, Beijing 100871, china laboratory of Material in the Earth’s Interior Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guiyang China Department of Geology China University of Geosciences Beijing China Department of Geology Peking University Beijing China

Two sets of dehydration-melting with a natural solid amphibolite, collected from North Himalayan structure zone, Tibet, have been carried out in multi-anvil apparatus at 2.0 GPa and 800―1000℃, for 12―200 h. One is keeping the pressure at 2.0 GPa and the annealing time of 12 h, changing the temperature (800―1000℃). The other is keeping the pressure at 2.0 GPa and temperature at 850℃, varying the annealing time (12―200 h). The products are inspected with microscope and electron probe. The results indicate that at 2.0 GPa, annealing time of 12 h, garnets, melts and clinopyroxenes occur in amphibolite gradually with increasing temperature and the chemical compositions of melt vary from tonalite to granodiorite, and then to tonalite. However, at 2.0 GPa and 850℃, with the annealing time increasing, the garnets, melts and cli-nopyroxenes also occur in amphibolite gradually and the chemical compositions of melt vary from tonalite to granodiorite. In both cases, melts interconnect with each other when the contents of melt are over the 5 vol.%. the viscosities of the melt produced in amphibolite at temperature higher than 850℃ are on a level with 104 Pa·s. The interconnected melt with such a viscosity may segregate from the source rock and form the magma over reasonable geological time. Therefore, it is believed that at the lower part of the overthickened crust, the tonlitic and grano-dioritic magma may be generated through the dehydration melting of amphibolite.

关键词： solid amphibolite, high pressure, high temperature, time, partial melting.

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Exsolution of ilmenite and Cr-Ti magnetite from olivine of garnet-wehrlite

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Science china Earth Sciences 2005年第9期48卷 1368-1376页

作者： LIU Xiangwen1,2, JIN Zhenmin1,3. QU Jing2 & WANG Lu2 1. State Key laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, china university of geosciences, Wuhan 43.074, china 2. Graduate School of china university of geosciences, Wuhan 43.074, china 3. Faculty of Earth Sciences, china university of geosciences, Wuhan 43.074, china State Key laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources China University of Geosciences Wuhan China Graduate School of china university of geosciences Wuhan China Faculty of Earth Sciences China University of Geosciences Wuhan China

Exsolution of rod-like ilmenite (Ilm) and Cr-Ti magnetite (Mt) have been found in olivine of garnet-wehrlite from the core of Chinese Continental Sciences Drilling (CCSD). Their composition, morphology, crystal structure and their topotaxies with host olivine have been studied in detail by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron probe microanaly- sis (EPMA) technique. It shows that rod-like Ilm exsolution reported in this paper has similar characteristic with that of Alpe Arami olivine, while Cr-Ti magnetite exsolution mentioned in this paper has large discrepancy with chromite exsolution in Alpe Arami olivine. These observations suggest that both of the exsolutions found in this paper should be solid solution phases in β-olivine at their first period, then experiencing decomposition of solid solution and therefore forming Ilm and Cr-Ti magnetite exsolution with the pressure decreasing. So, this garnet-wehrlite perhaps had been ever located in mantle transition zone with a minimum depth of 3.0 km.

关键词： garnet-wehrlite, ilmenite, magnetite, exsolution, CCSD.

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Experimental remolding on the caprock's 3. strain field of the Indosinian-Yanshanian epoch in Tongling deposit concentrating area

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Science china Earth Sciences 2005年第7期48卷 863-874页

作者： DENG Jun1,HUANG Dinghua2,WANG Qingfei1,WAN Li1,SUN Zhongshi3.YANG Liqiang1 & GAO Bangfei1 1. State Key laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources,china university of{3.,Beijing 100083.china 2. Faculty of Earth Sciences,china university of{3.,Wuhan 43.074,china 3. Department of Earth Sciences,Jilin university,Changchun 13.061,china State Key laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 China Faculty of Earth Sciences China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China Department of Earth Sciences Jilin University Changchun 130061 China

Based on field observations and rheology analysis, we perform one analogue experiment and remold the 3. structural frame of Tongling deposit concentrating area firstly. Then we disassemble and dialyze the 3. structures of the model using the methods of "slicing" and "stripping". A series of sliced planes vertical to the fold hinges show similar landscapes of that in the drill hole profiles. Meanwhile, layer stripping analysis indicates that the deformation features of each layer in the model are qualitatively analogical to those obtained from field observations. Through contrasting the 3. structure between the experimental model and the field phenomena, we verify the following 3. deformation features of the caprock in this area: (1) the Tongling area mainly consists of three series of NE S-typed fold groups; (2) in the uniform stress field, the incoherent folds universally develop in different positions, along different axes as well as in different strata; (3. the faults propagate upward which are mostly inter-bedded detachment faults, while the fold amplitudes decrease while going deeper; and (4) the folds and cleavages are highly developed in the Silurian System indicating that the deformation effect of the Indosin-ian-Yanshanian structural layer terminates at this layer, which suggests that the Silurian System is the crucial layer for the inversion between brittle and plastic deformation domains and the underlying strata are subject to the control of another deformation system with distinct properties.

关键词： Tongling deposit concentrating area Indosinian-Yanshanian epoch 3. structural frame of the caprock analogue experiment slicing and stripping analysis structural model.

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Transport network and flow mechanism of shallow ore-bearing magma in Tongling ore cluster area

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Science china Earth Sciences 2006年第4期49卷 397-407页

作者： DENG Jun1,2, WANG Qingfei1,2 , HUANG Dinghua3., WAN Li4, YANG Liqiang1,2 & GAO Bangfei1,2 1. State Key laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, china university of geosciences, Beijing 100083. china 2. Key laboratory of Lithosphere Tectonics and Lithoprobing Technology of Ministry of Education, china university of Geo- sciences, Beijing 100083. china 3. Faculty of Earth Sciences, china university of geosciences, Wuhan 43.074, china 4. School of Mathematics and Information Science, Guangzhou university, Guangzhou 510405, china State Key laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources China University of Geosciences Beijing China Key laboratory of Lithosphere Tectonics and Lithoprobing Technology of Ministry of Education China University of Geosciences Beijing China Faculty of Earth Sciences China University of Geosciences Wuhan China School of Mathematics and Information Science Guangzhou University Guangzhou China

Abundant studies revealed that shallow intrusions of the Yanshanian epoch resulted in the mass mineralization of the Tongling region. Various evidences showed there existed a concealed magma chamber at ?10 km depth in the middle part of this region during Yanshanian epoch, from which the ore-forming magma was generated and then transported to the superficial layer. Yet the transport network and flow mechanism of the shallow ore-bearing magma, the key problem associ- ated with ore-forming process, was relatively little focused on. Integrate analysis of structural me- chanics, statistical fractal and geological facts suggested that NE trending high-angle fold-related thrust faults and the tessellated basement ones served as the main pathways for the shallow magma’s transporting, moreover, the saddle void spaces among adjacent strata in the folds upon this fault system provided the place for magma’s emplacement. So the folds in the upper part and faults in the lower part of the upper crust constituted the fluid’s transport and emplacement network. During the deformation of geologic body with multi-layer structure, the layers in the upper part tended to fold when received the jacking stress from the lower part, while the lower one inclined to fault undergoing loads of the upper part. And the producing probability of this structure assemblage was highly in- creased in the condition, such as in the Tongling area, that the mechanic rigidity of the lower layers was stronger than that of the upper ones. For the pre-existence of fluid-conducting network, the top magma with high volatile in the magma chamber transported rapidly to the superficial layer in dyking pattern, located in the void spaces of folds, filled and reconstructed them. The sudden drop of pres- sure caused the fluid unmixing from the magma and mass ore-forming elements concentration. Pulse activity of the dyking may be the principal reason why magmatic bodies in the Tongling area were spatially-temporally con

关键词： Tongling, structural network, magma intrusion, fractal, dyke.

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