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Ecological response to the climate change on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang

Science china Earth Sciences 2005年第6期48卷 765-777页

作者： CHEN Xi1, LUO Geping1, XIA Jun2, ZHOU Kefa1, LOU Shaoping3.& YE Minquan4 1. Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, urumqi 830011, china 2. Institute of Geographical and Resources Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, china {3., urumqi 830011, china 4. Seismological Bureau of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urümqi 830011, china Correspondence should be addressed to Chen Xi Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography Chinese Academy of Sciences Urumqi China Institute of Geographical and Resources Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China urumqi meteorological-satellite {3. station Urumqi China Seismological Bureau of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Urümqi China

The Tianshan Mountains is a high and huge mountain body lying across the central part of Xinjiang, china, and is also the main area where the runoff forms in Xinjiang. In this paper, a set of RS-based study methods is put forward for deriving the information about the natural change of the ecology in arid areas, and the relationship between the climate change trend and the corresponding ecological response on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains since recent 40 years is analyzed from the scales of the land cover ecosystems and landscapes based on the observed data of climate, hydrology, modern glaciers and lakes on the northern slopes of the Tianshan Mountains since recent 40 years and the {3. RS data since recent 10 years by using the RS and GIS technologies. The results are as follows: (1) The overall trend of climate change on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains since recent 40 years is that both air temperature and precipitation are increased, especially the increase amplitudes of air tempera-ture, precipitation and annual runoff volume are high since the decade of the 1990s; (2) the in-tegrated indexes of the vegetation in all the geographical divisions on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains are obviously increased since recent 10 years, especially in the artificial oases and the foothill belts, such a change trend is advantageous for improving the vegetation ecology; and (3. the vegetation ecology in the arid areas is extremely sensitive to the climate change, the vegetation coverage and the biomass on the northern slope of the Tianshan Moun-tains are continuously increased because of the climate change since recent 10 years, their in-crease amplitudes in the plains and during the late stage are obviously higher than that in the mountainous regions and during the early stage.

关键词： north slope of the Tianshan Mountains, climate change, hydrological change, natural change of ecology,RS and GIS, vegetation index.

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Temperature and precipitation trends in Minqin Desert during the period of 1961-2007

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Journal of Arid land 2011年第3期3卷 214-219页

作者： ShuJuan ZHU1,2,3.ZhaoFeng CHANG1,2,3.1 Gansu Minqin National Field Observation & Research station on Ecosystem of Desertified Rangeland,Minqin 73.3.0,china 2 Key Laboratory of Desertification Combating of Gansu Province,Lanzhou 73.070,china 3.Gansu Desert Control Research Institute,Lanzhou 73.070,china Gansu Minqin National Field Observation and Research station on Ecosystem of Desertified Rangeland Minqin 733300 China Key Laboratory of Desertification Combating of Gansu Province Lanzhou 733070 China Gansu Desert Control Research Institute Lanzhou 733070 China

This paper analyzed the data of temperature and precipitation in Minqin,typical desert area in north-west china,during the period of 1961 2007 by linear *** result indicated that the increasing rate of the mean annual temperature in Minqin was higher than that of the average of china;and the temperature in February increased by 3.01oC averagely in the past 47 *** climate in Minqin displayed an evident warming ***,there was no evidently increasing trend of precipitation in the past 47 years,and drought occurred during the whole growing season.

关键词： temperature precipitation global climate Minqin

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Simulation of freezing and melting of soil on the northeast Tibetan Plateau

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2011年第20期56卷 2145-2155页

作者： XIA Kun 1,2,3.LUO Yong 2,4,5 & LI WeiPing 2 1 Institute of Atmospheric Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100029,china 2National Climate Center,china meteorological Administration,Beijing 100081,china 3.raduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049,china 4 Center for Earth System Science,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,china 5Key Laboratory of Earth System Numerical Simulation,Ministry of Education,Beijing 100084,china Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China National Climate Center China Meteorological Administration Beijing China Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Center for Earth System Science Tsinghua University Beijing China Key Laboratory of Earth System Numerical Simulation Ministry of Education Beijing China

Using observational data spanning the period from February to December 2009 and recorded at the Suli station in Qinghai Province,the land-surface model CLM3.0 was employed to simulate the freezing and melting of *** results indicate that the simulated soil temperature is higher than the observed soil temperature and the ultimate thawing date is earlier than the observed date during the melting *** the freezing period,the simulated soil temperature is lower than the observed soil temperature and the ultimate freezing of the deep soil is earlier than that ***,the simulation of freezing is better than that of melting,and the simulation of a shallow layer is better than that of a deeper *** the original CLM3.0,it is assumed that frozen soil begins to melt when the soil temperature exceeds 0C,which is inconsistent with *** critical freeze-thaw temperature was calculated according to thermodynamics equations and the freeze-thaw condition was *** this work,the melting rate for frozen soil was reduced using the modified scheme,and the simulated soil temperature was lowered. Meanwhile,the refreezing of soil during the melting season was well simulated and more closely matched ***,it was found that the rates of melting and freezing differ,with the former being slower than the latter,but refreezing during the melting season is rather quick.

关键词：土壤温度冻结期青藏高原东北部模拟融化观测数据热力学方程表面模型

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A new type of Shipboard meteorological satellite Receiving-processing System

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2000年第1期19卷 35-46页

作者： Xie Simei Hao Chunjiang Zou Bin Jing Qiyi Liao Xiaohong Sheng Xiaowen Zhang Canrong (1. National Research Center for Marine Environment Forecasts, Beijing 100081, china 2, Second Institute of china Aerospace Corporation 3. Beijing Chuanyi Electric Compan Natl. Res. Ctr. Mar. Environ. F. Beijing 100081 China Second Inst. of china Aerosp. Corp. China Beijing Chuanyi Electric Company Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China

The Shipboard meteorological satellite Receiving-processing System (SMSRPS) is specially developed for the navigation meteorological safeguard of the Antarctic exploration ship over the sea ice area of the forth Ocean. This system can suit to the climate environment of very high temperature high moisture and very low temperature - supersaturation; it has a self-protection ability to against the hurricane - force wind over force 12 and the strong vibration during icebreaking, as well as strong magnetic disturbance. It has two sets of receiving-imagery processing systems for polar orbit low-resolution and quasi-{3.ary high-solution satellites. The key creation Points of this system are as follows: 1. the active gyro-control stabilization platform and a mixed mounting system of three rotating a - B and x -- y axes are used. It solved the tracing difficulties both in the low elevation angle and very high elevation angle of polar-orbit satellite, even in the status of ship moving with continuously changing its poition, direction and ship roll and pitch. 2. Imagery processing subsystem. The newest BORland-- DELPHI language and PASCAL language pro gramming software are used under WINDOWS 95 environment. It has a dynamic positioning nested-grid system and electric mapping grid data system. It can show the latitude-longitude of any point on the map, and marks any object such as ship, {3. or island, and draws the route. It can monitor cloud and temperature, forest fire, anomalous change of ocean and land. It can output satellite cloud maps of 24 bit with very high clarity. This system is very advanced in technique for the whole structure with the features of small volume, light weight and very low cost. It suits to very bad climate and ocean environment. Its imagery process ing system has complete functions with high resolution and being very easy to operate. It is not only suit to land use, but also and specially to all kinds of ship over the sea. It can be exte

关键词： Shipboard meteorological satellite Receiving-processing System imagery processing system active gyro-control platform

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Integrated erosion control measures and environmental effects in rocky mountainous areas in northern china

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International Journal of Sediment Research 2010年第3期25卷 294-303页

作者： HE Jijun1, CAI Qiangguo2, LI Guoqiang3. and WANG Zhongke41 Ph. D, Lecturer, Capital Normal University, Elementary Educational College, Beijing 100048, china State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Water and Soil Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling 712100 Shanxi, china. 2 Prof., Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related land Surface Processes, CAS, Beijing 100101, china, 3.Graduate student, Huazhong Agricultural University, College of Resources and Environment, wuhan 43.070, china 4 Prof., Zhangjiakou Supervision station of Water Conservancy Project, Zhangjiakou Supervision Sub-station of Soil and Water Conservation and environment, Zhangjiakou 075000, china Ph. D Lecturer Capital Normal University Elementary Educational College Beijing 100048 China State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau Institute of Water and Soil Conservation Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources Yangling 712100 Shanxi China Prof. Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes CAS Beijing 100101 China Graduate student Huazhong Agricultural University College of Resources and Environment wuhan 430070 China Prof. Zhangjiakou Supervision Station of Water Conservancy Project Zhangjiakou Supervision Sub-station of Soil and Water Conservation and environment Zhangjiakou 075000 China

Based on observations of runoff plots and field investigations of gully cross-sections, impacts of various soil and water conservation measures on runoff and sediment yield are analyzed for different rainfall conditions. The results show that antecedent rainfall and rainfall intensity are the main factors affecting the runoff and soil erosion processes. Rainfall events with antecedent rainfall can produce high runoff and sediment yield. Large differences in the characteristics of two rainfall events will result in greater variations of total runoff and sediment yield from the same runoff plot. Under the same soil control measure and rainfall condition, soil and water conservation measures can reduce the impacts of antecedent rainfall and rainfall intensity on runoff and soil erosion. Among various measures, level terrace seems to be the greatest for soil conservation purposes. Combining with engineering measures,Vegetation measures is also effective in controlling runoff and soil erosion. In the initial stage of vegetation enclosure measures, engineering measure is necessary to improve the environment for ecological recovery. Gully head protection can control gully erosion effectively, but the effectiveness of gully head protection would be reduced when rainfall intensity increases. Therefore, the design of a gully head protection structure must be based on local hydrological conditions.

关键词： Rainfall character Antecedent rainfall Gully head protection Cumulated erosion amount

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Effects of precipitation and landuse on runoff during the past 50 years in a typical watershed in the Loess Plateau, china

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International Journal of Sediment Research 2009年第3期24卷 352-364页

作者： Huaxing BI1, Bin LIU2, Jie WU3. Lei YUN3. Zhihan CHEN2 and Zhewei CUI3. Prof. in hydrology, College of soil and water conservation, Box 67, Beijing Forestry University, 3. Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083. china, 2 Researcher in hydrology, Xifeng station of soil and water conservation, Xifeng, Gansu Province, china 3.Graduate Assis., College of soil and water conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083. china Prof. in hydrology College of soil and water conservation Box 67 Beijing Forestry University 35 Qinghua East Road Haidian District Beijing 100083 China Researcher in hydrology Xifeng station of soil and water conservation Xifeng Gansu Province China Graduate Assis. College of soil and water conservation Beijing Forestry University Beijing 100083 China

In the past century, great progress has been made worldwide in our understanding of forest-water relationship. The successful forestation programs implemented in china-which have improved the ecological environmental conditions-have gained the attention of many researchers and highlighted the relationship between forestation and water yields. The arid and semi-arid Loess Plateau has received attention from water engineers and eco-hydrological researchers in china because of a shortage in water resources. We selected one of the oldest stations conducting soil and water conservation experiments, the Xifeng soil and water conservation station, and chose the Nanxiaohe catchment and its paired catchments (Yangjiagou catchment and Dongzhuanggou catchment) as our research areas. Trends in precipitation, air temperature, streamflow over the past 50 years, and the effect of changing land use on streamflow were analyzed. The Mann-Kendall test showed that precipitation had a negative trend (downward trend), whereas air temperature showed a positive trend (upward trend) from the past to present in the Nanxiaohe catchment. However, the trends seen in precipitation, air temperature did not contain any "jumping points." The paired catchment approach is used to detect the effects of land cover change on hydrology in the Yangjiagou and the contrast catchment, i.e., Dongzhuanggou catchment in our study. The results showed a large change in land use in the Yangjiagou catchment from 1954 to 2008. An increase in forested land (from 0% to 40.08% from 1954 to 2008) and a reduction of bare land (from 51.26% to 5.50% from 1954 to 2008) accounted for a large part of the change in land use. However, the land use changed little in the contrast catchment. The comparison of streamflow in the paired catchments showed that forestation reduced streamflow by 49.63. (or 6.5 mm) each year.

关键词： Surface water hydrology Climate variability/change Forests land use/land cover change Loess Plateau of china

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SEDIMENT YIELD MODELING FOR SINGLE STORM EVENTS BASED ON HEAVY-DISCHARGE STAGE CHARACTERIZED BY STABLE SEDIMENT CONCENTRATION

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International Journal of Sediment Research 2007年第3期22卷 208-217页

作者： Mingguo ZHENG1, Qiangguo CAI2, and Qinjuan CHENG3.1Assistant professor, Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences & Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101,china. 2 Professor, Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences & Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101,china. 3.Doctoral candidate, Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences & Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101,china. Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10003., china. Chinese Acad Sci Inst Geog Sci & Nat Resources Res Key Lab Water Cycle & Related Land Surface Proc Beijing 100101 Peoples R China

The relation between runoff volume and sediment yield for individual events in a given watershed receives little attention compared to the relation between water discharge and sediment yield, though it may underlie the event-based sediment-yield model for large-size watershed. The data observed at 12 experimental subwatersheds in the Dalihe river watershed in hilly areas of Loess Plateau, North china, was selected to develop and validate the relation. The peak flow is often considered as an important factor affecting event sediment yield. However, in the study areas, sediment concentration remains relatively constant when water discharge exceeds a certain critical value, implying that the heavier flow is not accompanied with the higher sediment transport capacity. Hence, only the runoff volume factor was considered in the sediment-yield model. As both the total sediment and runoff discharge were largely produced during the heavy-discharge stage, and the sediment concentration was negligibly variable during this stage, a proportional function can be used to model the relation between event runoff volume and sediment yield for a given subwatershed. The applicability of this model at larger spatial scales was also discussed, and it was found that for the Yaoxinzhuang station at the Puhe River basin, which controls a drainage area of 2264km2, a directly proportional relation between event runoff volume and sediment yield may also exist.

关键词： Sediment yield Peak flow Flow-sediment relation Loess Plateau

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Effect of Cultivation on Spatial Distribution of Nematode Trophic Groups in Black Soil

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Pedosphere 2003年第2期13卷 97-102页

作者： LIANG WENJU, LI QI, JIANG YONG, CHEN WENBO and WEN DAZHONGShenyang Experimental station of Ecology, Institute of Applied Ecology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016 (china) 中科院沈阳生态试验站中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所 Shenyang 110016

Geostatistics combined with GIS was applied to assess the spatial distribution of nematode trophic groups following two contrasting soil uses in the black soil region of Northeast china. Two plots, one with fallow for 12 years and the other cultivated, were marked on regular square grids with 2-m spacing. Soil samples were collected from each sampling point, nematodes were extracted from these samples and classified into four trophic groups: bacterivores, fungivores, plant parasites, and omnivores/predators. The numbers of total nematodes and trophic groups analyzed had normal distributions on both fallow and cultivated plots. The absolute abundances of total nematodes and trophic groups were observed to be much more homogeneous on cultivated plot than on fallow one. Geostatistical analysis showed that the densities of total nematodes and trophic groups on both fallow and cultivated plots exhibited spatial dependence at the sampled scale and their experimental semivariograms were adjusted to a spherical or exponential model, except those of bacterivores and fungivores on cultivated plot. The spatial distribution of nematode trophic groups was found to be different for the two land uses, indicating that cultivation changed the native condition for soil nematode activities.

关键词： cultivation GIS, soil nematode spatial distribution trophic group

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Highly efficient use of limited water in wheat production of semiarid area

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Progress in Natural Science:Materials International 2003年第12期 1-8页

作者： DENG Xiping 1*, SHAN Lun 2, INANAGA Shinobu 3.and Mohanmed Elfatih K.ALI 4(1. State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shaanxi 712100, china 2. Northwest Sci Tech University of Agriculture and Forestry, Shaanxi 712100, china 3. Arid land Research Center, Tottori University, Hamasaka 13.0, Tottori 680, Japan 4. El Obeid Research station, Agricultural Research Corporation, P.O. Box 429, El Obeid, Sudan) State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau Institute of Soil and Water Conservation Chinese Academy of Sciences Shaanxi 712100 China Northwest Sci-Tech University of Agriculture and Forestry Shaanxi 712100 China Arid land Research Center Tottori University Hamasaka 1390 Tottori 680 Japan El-Obeid Research station Agricultural Research Corporation P.O. Box 429 El-Obeid Sudan

To obtain a greater yield per unit rainfall is one of the most important challenges in dryland wheat production. Highly efficient use of limited water may be one means of achieving this goal. This paper reviewed wheat physiological adaptation and benefits associated with water deficit and variable conditions. In addition, it reveals the compensatory effect of limited irrigation and fertilizer supplement on wheat water use efficiency (WUE) and highlights the breeding of new varieties for high WUE that could improve wheat productivity under water limited environments in the semiarid area. Considerable potential for further improvement in wheat productivity in semiarid area seems to depend on effective conservation of moisture and efficient use of this limited water. Different crops, soil and water management strategies should be adjusted according to the conditions that prevail in the various semiarid areas. By combining soil and water conservation approaches with regulating the cropping system by cultivating drought tolerant and water saving cultivars, the increase in wheat productivity could be achieved.

关键词： semiarid area dryland wheat physiological adaptation WUE improvement.

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Ecological hydraulic radius model to calculate instream flow requirements for transporting sediment in the western water transfer region

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Science china(Technological Sciences) 2009年第11期52卷 3401-3405页

作者： MEN BaoHui1 & LIU ChangMing2 1 Renewable Energy Institute, North china Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, china 2 Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related land Surface Process, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, china Renewable Energy Institute North China Electric Power University Beijing China Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related land Surface Process Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China

Transporting sediment is a natural function of the river. To maintain the normal evolution of the river certain amount of water flow is required, which is called the instream flow requirements for transporting sediment (IFRTS). We defined the permitting flow velocity by the conception of IFRTS, and also put forward the ecological hydraulic radius model (EHRM) to estimate IFRTS. The calculating process of EHRM is explained by the example of Daofu Hydrological station on Xianshui branch of Yalong River in the west line first-stage construction of South-North Water Transfer Project. The result shows that the IFRTS occupied 29.7%―59.5% of annual mean discharge in flood season, the average of IFRTS was about 100.2 m3.s during 1966―1987, it is close to the IFRTS 90 m3.s calculated by IFRTS conception. Hence, it is feasible to use EHRM to calculate IFRTS.

关键词： ecological hydraulic radius model (EHRM) instream flow requirements for transporting sediment (IFRTS) permitting flow velocity ecological hydraulic radius for transporting sediment

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