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Ecological response to the climate change on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang

Science China Earth Sciences 2005年第6期48卷 765-777页

作者： CHEN Xi1, LUO Geping1, XIA Jun2. ZHOU Kefa1, LOU Shaoping3.& YE Minquan4 1. Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, urumqi 830011, China 2. Institute of Geographical and Resources Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China {2., urumqi 830011, China 4. Seismological Bureau of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urümqi {3., China Correspondence should be addressed to Chen Xi Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography Chinese Academy of Sciences Urumqi China Institute of Geographical and Resources Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China urumqi meteorological-{2. {3. station Urumqi China Seismological Bureau of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Urümqi China

The Tianshan Mountains is a high and huge mountain body lying across the central part of Xinjiang, China, and is also the main area where the runoff forms in Xinjiang. In this paper, a set of RS-based study methods is put forward for deriving the information about the natural change of the ecology in arid areas, and the relationship between the climate change trend and the corresponding ecological response on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains since recent 40 years is analyzed from the scales of the land cover ecosystems and landscapes based on the observed data of climate, hydrology, modern glaciers and lakes on the northern slopes of the Tianshan Mountains since recent 40 years and the {2. RS data since recent 10 years by using the RS and GIS technologies. The results are as follows: (1) The overall trend of climate change on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains since recent 40 years is that both air temperature and precipitation are increased, especially the increase amplitudes of air tempera-ture, precipitation and annual runoff volume are high since the decade of the 1990s; (2. the in-tegrated indexes of the vegetation in all the geographical divisions on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains are obviously increased since recent 10 years, especially in the artificial oases and the foothill belts, such a change trend is advantageous for improving the vegetation ecology; and (3. the vegetation ecology in the arid areas is extremely sensitive to the climate change, the vegetation coverage and the biomass on the northern slope of the Tianshan Moun-tains are continuously increased because of the climate change since recent 10 years, their in-crease amplitudes in the plains and during the late stage are obviously higher than that in the mountainous regions and during the early stage.

关键词： north slope of the Tianshan Mountains, climate change, hydrological change, natural change of ecology,RS and GIS, vegetation index.

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Variations of Snow Temperature and their Influence on Snow Cover Physical Parameters in the Western Tianshan Mountains,China

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Journal of Mountain Science 2011年第6期8卷 827-837页

作者： CHEN Xia WEI WenShou LIU MingZhe GU GuangQin Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography Chinese Academy of Sciences Urumqi 830011 China Hebei Key Laboratory for Meteorology and Eco-environmen Shijiazhuang 050021 China HeBei Climate Center Shijiazhuang 050021 China Institute of Desert Meteorology China Meteorological Administration Urumqi 830011 China Tianshan station for Snow-cover and Avalanche Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Urumqi 830011 China

This article discussed about snow temperature variations and their impact on snow cover parameters. Automatic temperature recorders were used to sample at lo-minute intervals at the Tianshan station for Snow-cover and Avalanche Research, Chinese snow temperature Academy of Sciences. lo-layer and the snow cover parameters were measured by the snow property analyzer （Snow Fork） in its Stable period, Interim period and Snow melting period. Results indicate that the amplitude of the diurnal fluctuation in the temperature during Snow melting period is 1.62.times greater than that during Stable period. Time up to the peak temperature at the snow surface lags behind the peak solar radiation by more than 2.5 hours, and lags behind the peak atmospheric temperature by more than 0.2.hours during all three periods. The optimal fitted function of snow temperature profile becomes more complicated from Stable period to Snow melting period. 2. h temperature profiles in Stable period are the optimal fitted by cubic polynomial equation. In Interim period and Snow melting period, temperature profiles are optimal fitted by exponential equation between sunset and sunrise, and by Fourier function when solar radiation is strong. The vertical gradient in the snow temperature reaches its maximum value at the snow surface for three periods. The peak of this maximum value occurs during Stableperiod, and is 4.46 times greater than during Interim period. The absolute value of temperature gradient is lower than 0.1℃ cm-1 for 3. cm beneath snow surface. Snow temperature and temperature gradient in Stable period-Interim period indirectly cause increase （decrease） of snow density mainly by increasing （decreasing） permittivity. While it dramatically increases its water content to change its permittivity and snow density in Snow melting period.

关键词： Snow temperature Vertical temperaturegradient Optimal fitting function Snow density Western Tianshan Mountains China

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The changes of Lop Nur Lake and the disappearance of Loulan

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Journal of Arid land 2010年第4期2卷 295-303页

作者： ZhiChao WANG Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, urumqi 830011, China Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography Chinese Academy of Sciences

The causes of the disappearance of the ancient town of Loulan in Xinjiang, China have been generally agreed to derive from two factors: human activities and natural factors (environmental variations). In this paper, the Muzart Glacier was selected as an example, and found that the length of the glacier has been gradually decreasing and the snow line has been retreating to a higher altitude, both results contributing to a decrease in river flow below the Muzart Glacier. From the distribution of moraines in the Tianshan Mountains and adjacent areas in different periods, the paper speculates that there have been four minor glacial periods since the Quaternary. Although the durations and scales of the four minor glacial periods were different, they all indirectly influenced the formation and disappearance of the Lop Nur Lake. The events of the fourth minor glacial period are the important impact factors in the existence and disappearance of Loulan. Whether the disappearance of Loulan can be related to the events of the three previous minor glacial periods needs further investigation.

关键词： glacier moraine Loulan Lop Nur

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PROTECTION AND RATIONAL USE OF THE land RESOURCE IN THE MANAS RIVER BASIN OF XINJIANG

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干旱区资源与环境 1993年第Z1期7卷 466-467页

作者： Yuan Guoying Xinjang Institute of Environmental Research, urumqi, 830011

The Manas River valley, situated in the middle part of northern slope of TianshanMountains, in a geographcal position of N43.2.′--45°56′, E84°57′--86°43.,composed of Manas and Shawan counties, and the 8th Agricaltural Reclamation Division,has a total area of 2.3.8Km^2. This area belongs to the arid regions of China with a great distance to the sea. For in-

关键词： Manas River Basin Ecoagriculture Protection for Environment and Resources

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OBSERVATION OF SOLAR RADIO EMISSION AT 3.2.m WAVELENGTH AT UAS

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天文研究与技术 1990年第4期 82-85页

作者： Sun Qinghuaurumqi Astronomical station, Chinese Academy Of Sciences, urumqi Xingjiang, {3.

Ⅰ.INTRODUVTION This paper made preliminaily reduction of the data which we observed in March1989 at the active region AR53.5. I list a part of microwave bursts and draw out a few oftime profiles at the end of the paper.

关键词： SOLAR microwave RADIO Profiles Solar length something broken trouble burst

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民族药小茴香不同炮制品中各元素的光谱分析

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光谱学与光谱分析 2010年第3期30卷 797-800页

作者：张帆李臻哈木拉提·吾甫尔田树革新疆医科大学药学博士后流动站新疆医科大学中医学院

中药材经过不同方法炮制后将改变其中物质的组成和含量,从而影响药理活性。利用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES),原子吸收光谱法(AAS)和原子荧光光谱法(AFS)全面扫描并分析民族药小茴香生品及其9种不同炮制品中与人体健康和生命相... 详细信息

中药材经过不同方法炮制后将改变其中物质的组成和含量,从而影响药理活性。利用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES),原子吸收光谱法(AAS)和原子荧光光谱法(AFS)全面扫描并分析民族药小茴香生品及其9种不同炮制品中与人体健康和生命相关的常量元素,微量元素和重金属的种类及含量。结果显示,3.光谱分析方法均能快速准确地分析中药材中各种元素含量及其变化趋势,从小茴香中共检测出3.种元素,与生品相比,不同炮制方法使某些元素发生了明显不同的变化,表明炮制方法与元素变化有较强的相关性,说明辅料不仅能改变元素含量而且能与有效成分一道发挥协同治疗疾病,并首次发现炮制将导致重金属Hg的含量急剧增高,临床使用清炒小茴香时存在重大安全隐患。实验拓宽了光谱法在中药安全性评价中的应用。

关键词： ICP-AES AAS AFS 小茴香元素

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COMPUTER PROCESSING AND IMAGE PROCESSING OF H_α SOLAR FLARES

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天文研究与技术 1990年第4期 232-233页

作者： Sun Zhengwen, Cao Hongyanurumqi Astronomical station, Chinese Academy of Science, urumqi, {3., china

In the paper, authors introduct computer processing of Ha solar flares data in urumqi Astronomical station; Authors use the Series 151 Image Processing System to processing the nagatives of Ha solar flares, change them to pseudo-color pictures. It can make the shape and position of flares clear on the sun disk. Authors think that is benefit to improve the data of Ha solar flares.

关键词： think SOLAR benefit Solar raise uniformity brightness Clare judge

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The qanats of Xinjiang:historical development, characteristics and modern implications for environmental protection

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Journal of Arid land 2012年第2期4卷 211-220页

作者： WenJun HU1 ,2.JieBin ZHANG 3.YongQiang LIU 1 1Hohai University,Nanjing 2.0098,China 2.he International Economic&Technical Cooperation and Exchange Center,Ministry of Water Resources,Beijing 100053. China 3.Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences,urumqi 830011,China Hohai University The International Economic & Technical Cooperation and Exchange Center Ministry of Water Resources Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography Chinese Academy of Sciences

In China,qanats(kan’erjing/karez)exist only in Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region,being one form of traditional irrigation technology that made great contributions to oasis *** are different opinions on the origin and date of the qanats in Xinjiang due to a lack of adequate *** uncontrolled over-exploitation of groundwater by pumping wells,as well as the expansion of surface water interventions nowadays,has caused serious impacts on not only the qanats,but also local ecological *** exist long-time arguments on whether the qanats should be restored or *** study aimed to examine the historical development, geological conditions and characteristics,and modern implications of the qanats for oasis environmental protection, and to discuss the initiatives taken by local *** whole Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region was included as the study area,with a specific focus on Turpan *** materials and data were obtained from literature review and governmental *** on a systematic examination of three prevailing theories on the origination of Xinjiang’s qanats,it is suggested modern archaeological techniques could be good solutions to explore the origination in addition to historical records used *** qanats fail to fully meet today’s enormous water demands,their rich historical,cultural,ecological and environmental implications in arid areas should not be *** a cultural heritage and ecologically-friendly engineering creation,qanat systems shall be kept in good condition and function by a valuable *** initiatives to protect and restore target qanat systems in Xinjiang could provide positive examples for the practices in other regions of the world where the protection and restoration of qanats or similar technologies are desired.

关键词： arid areas qanat(kan’erjing/karez) groundwater environmental protection oasis Xinjiang

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Theoretical critical value curve and driving force formation of ecological migration in the arid land

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2006年第A01期51卷 196-203页

作者： ZHU Zi’an & ZHANG Xiaolei Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, urumqi 830011, China The Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10003., China Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Development and Reform Commission, {2. 83.002. China Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography Chinese Academy of Sciences Urumqi 830011 China The Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100039 China Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Development and Reform Commission Urumqi 830002 China

干旱陆地的易碎的 eco 环境的特征确定它骚乱抵抗的能力更低。在干旱陆地的自然荒芜的绿洲在在宽 Gobi 沙漠散布的马赛克补丁。人口分发是极大地依赖于水资源。人口与驱散的分发，简单生产和生活被描绘风格，和贫穷和遥远。生态的迁居... 详细信息

干旱陆地的易碎的 eco 环境的特征确定它骚乱抵抗的能力更低。在干旱陆地的自然荒芜的绿洲在在宽 Gobi 沙漠散布的马赛克补丁。人口分发是极大地依赖于水资源。人口与驱散的分发，简单生产和生活被描绘风格，和贫穷和遥远。生态的迁居被执行的原因躺在生态的问题。生态的降级是生态的迁居的主要驱动力。然后，驱动力的力量取决于生态的降级的度。因此，是否执行生态的移植取决于生态的降级的程度。理论上，为在干旱陆地的精明的生态的移植的批评的值曲线通过生态学的相对问题的全面研究被提出，经济等等，在干旱陆地与生态的移植经验结合了，并且基于干旱环境的特征。在这篇文章，与这条曲线，理论研究和生态的迁居的一些实践从不做作的行为和生态的移植的驱动力形成的政府行为的观点被做了。它分析活跃驱动力(因素) 和否定力量(因素) ，并且指出预定和在干旱陆地实现生态的迁居的步骤。理论曲线表达某些创见和适用性，它为为实现生态的迁居工程评估生态的降级和理论底的度提供一个量的方法。

关键词：生态迁移临界值驱动力贫瘠地

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THE HYDROLOGICAL EFFECT UNDER HUMAN ACTIVITIESIN THE INland WATERSHEDS OF XINJIANG, CHINA

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Chinese Geographical Science 2001年第1期11卷 27-34页

作者： LI Xin, JI Fang, ZHOU Hong-fei (Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, urumqi 830011, P. K China) Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography the Chinese Academy of Sciences Urumqi P. R. China

Natural environment, inland water distribution and water circulation has been changed greatly affected by human activities in Xinjiang, China. Human activities developed quickly in the inland watersheds in Xinjiang after 1950. More than 50% of river water is drawn into irrigation area, and all water in parts of little river is drawn to canal or reservoirs. However, there is evident hydrological effect caused by human activities. 1) water distribution in arid land has changed. A lot of river water is drawn into oasis and water table inside of oasis has risen but declined out of oasis. However, water table has declined in some cities because of over pumping for groundwater. 2. Stream process has changed after water drawing and drainage for irrigation. Runoff in the lower reaches of river has generally decreased, and the lower reaches of some rivers are even disappeared for stream. 3. Large watersheds have been divided into several small watersheds. In some tributaries, most of the river water has drawn to irrigation area so that stream in the lower reaches has disappeared for years. 4) Evaporation at oasis has increased from 50–2.0mm/a to 800–13.0mm/a after reclamation. But it decreased to 50mm/a or less out of oasis. Some lakes have reduced or dried. Water-system with canals and reservoirs has appeared in the oases. 5) Water quality of inland rivers and lakes has generally deteriorated because it accepts drainage water from farmland and factories. 6) Effective scale of human activities on hydrological process in arid land has expanded from separate rivers to all watersheds; from surface water to groundwater; from drought season to flood season; and from single year to several years. Scale of the effect of human activities to hydrological process is going larger and larger. Along with the effective usage of water resources in the inland watershed in Xinjiang, the hydrological effect of human activities will be mainly change to: 1) river in pain area will be canalized;

关键词： Xinjiang inland rivers human activities hydrological effects

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