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Understanding the combustion behavior of electric bicycle batteries and unveiling its relationship with fire extinguishing

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Journal of Energy Chemistry 2024年第4期91卷 609-618页

作者： Zhanglong Yu Xueling Shen Ran Xu Zheng Wang Zengming Wan Mingyang Chen Yi Cui Yanyan Fang xiaoli Ma China Automotive Battery research institute Co. Ltd.Beijing 101407China China Grinm Group Co. Ltd.Beijing 100088China Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Equipment Industry Development CenterBeijing 100846China Hefei Guoxuan High-tech power energy Co. Ltd.Hefei 230000AnhuiChina

In this study,a detailed analysis of the combustion behaviors of the lithium iron phosphate(LFP)and lithium manganese oxide(LMO)batteries used in electric bicycles was *** research included quantitative measurements of the combustion duration,flame height,combustion temperature,heat release rate,and total heat *** results indicated that LMO batteries exhibited higher combustion temperatures of 600–700°C,flame heights of 70–75 cm,a significantly higher heat release rate of40.1 k W(12 Ah),and a total heat release of 1.04 MJ(12 Ah)compared to LFP batteries with the same *** on these experimental results,a normalized total heat release(NORTHR)parameter was proposed,demonstrating good universality for batteries with different *** this parameter,quantitative calculations and optimization of the extinguishing agent dosage were conducted for fires involving these two types of batteries,and the method was validated by extinguishing fires for these two types of battery packs with water-based extinguishing fluids.

关键词： Combustion behavior electric bicycle Lithium-ion battery Fire extinguishing Normalized total heat release

DC ice-melting model for wet-growth icing conductor and its experimental investigation

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2010年第12期53卷 3248-3257页

作者： FAN SongHai1,2, JIANG XingLiang1, SHU LiChun1, SUN CaiXin1 & WANG DaXing1,2 1 State Key Laboratory of power Transmission Equipment & System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China 2 Sichuan electric power {3. and research institute, Chengdu 610072, China State Key Laboratory of power Transmission Equipment & System Security and New Technology Chongqing University Chongqing China Sichuan electric power test and {3. institute Chengdu China

Icicles are often formed under the downside surface of conductor in the wet growth icing of overhead power line. When the ice deposit around overhead power line is molten by Joule heat produced by current, the pattern of heat transfer of ice deposit with icicles is dissimilar to that without icicle, so the ice-melting model for the columnar icing conductor cannot be applied to icicle-shaped icing conductor. According to the heat-transfer characteristic of the icicle-shaped icing conductor, this paper puts forward a DC ice-melting model for the icicle-shaped icing conductor. Because this full model includes three-dimensional heat-transfer and interface movement, which cannot be solved in closed form, a finite element scheme in space-domain and a finite difference scheme in time-domain are employed to discretize the governing equations. Firstly the whole ice-melting process on the icicle-shaped icing conductor is simulated by this model. Then the simulated results are validated by ice-melting experiments in the artificial chamber. The study from the model and the experiments shows that the size and length of icicle as well as the space between the adjacent icicles are factors to affect ice-melting. With the shorter icicle space, the bigger icicle size and the longer icicle-length, the surface of ice layer is enlarged and then more heat is taken away by the convection and radiation, so the ice melting time will get longer.

关键词： power line icing ice storm ice melting icicle

Analysis of Severe Ice Accidents and Applied Countermeasures in China

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electricity 2010年第4期21卷 42-46页

作者： Wang Shaohua Zhejiang electric power test and {3. institute Zhejiang electric power test and {3. institute

Based on several typical severe ice accidents that occurred in China, this paper summarizes and analyzes the characteristics and causes for severe ice accidents. The results show that the ice accidents occurring in China have such characteristics as long duration, high frequency of occurrences, large coverage area and enormous loss to the national economy, etc. Drastic deterioration of mechanical property and electric property resulting from severe icing is the major cause of ice accidents. Besides, this paper summarizes the preventive measures for transmission lines in case of severe ice accidents.

关键词： transmission line icing galloping anti-icing anti-galloping

Experimental study on the activation of coal gasification fly ash from industrial CFB gasifiers

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Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 2024年第1期65卷 8-18页

作者： Qiyao yang Xiaobin Qi Qinggang Lyu Zhiping Zhu North China electric power University Beijing 102206China institute of Engineering Thermophysics Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China Shanxi Key Laboratory of Coal Flexible Combustion and Thermal Conversion Datong 037000China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Shanxi Engineering research Center of Coal Clean Efficient Combustion and GasificationDatong 037000China

Coal gasification fly ash(CGFA)is an industrial solid waste from the coal circulating fluidized bed(CFB)gasification process,and it needs to be effectively disposed to achieve sustainable development of the *** realize the application of CGFA as a precursor of porous carbon materials,the physicochemical properties of three kinds of CGFA from industrial CFB gasifiers are ***,the activation potential of CGFA is acquired via steam activation experiments in a tube furnace ***,the fluidization activation technology of CGFA is practiced in a bench-scale CFB test rig,and its advantages are *** results show that CGFA is characterized by a high carbon content in the range of 54.06%–74.09%,an ultrafine particle size(d50:16.3.26.1 μm),and a relatively developed pore structure(specific surface area SSA:13..29–551.97 m^(2)·g^(-1)).The proportion of micropores in CGFA increases gradually with the coal *** activation experiments show that the pore development of CGFA mainly includes three stages:initial pore development,dynamic equilibrium between micropores and mesopores and pore *** SSA of lignite fly ash(LFA),subbituminous fly ash(SBFA)and anthracite fly ash(AFA)is maximally increased by 105%,13.and 72%after steam activation;the order of the largest carbon reaction rate and decomposition ratio of steam among the three kinds of CGFA is SBFA>LFA>*** the ratio of oxygen to carbon during the fluidization activation of LFA is from 0.09 to 0.19,the carbon conversion ratio increases from 14.4%to 26.8%and the cold gas efficiency increases from 6.8%to 10.2%.The SSA of LFA increases by up to 53.9%during the fluidization activation process,which is mainly due to the mesoporous *** to steam activation in a tube furnace reactor,fluidization activation takes an extremely short time(seconds)to achieve the same activation *** is expected to further improve the activation effect of LFA by regulating the carbo

关键词： Circulating fluidized bed Coal gasification fly ash Steam activation Pore structure evolution Fluidization activation

Fault Analysis and Innovation in Slag Discharge System of 440-t/h CFB Boiler

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electricity 2009年第1期20卷 34-37页

作者： Xu Qisheng and Song Jinghui Guangdong electric power test and {3. institute Wang Ningling Guangdong electric power test and {3. institute

CFB boilers have been widely used in China in recent years with their perfect performances in coal adaptability, load variation capability and lower pollutant emission. The No.3.13.-MW CFB unit in Lianzhou power Plant is the f irst 440-t/h series CFB unit in Guangdong Province. It f inished 72-hour trial operation in Feb. 2004 and was transferred to trial operation. During the trial operation and the next commercial operation, there were some problems happened in the boiler slag discharging system, seriously affecting the safe and reliable operation and the loading capability. After innovation, these problems have been completely solved. Hopefully the solutions may be used for reference to the units with similar problems.

关键词： CFB Fault Analysis and Innovation in Slag Discharge System of 440-t/h CFB Boiler Innovation

THE testS AND MECHANISM ABOUT SODIUM IONS FROM AN ANION EXCHANGER

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Chinese Journal of Reactive Polymers 1996年第1期5卷 71-83页

作者： Zhu Xingbao Liu Zhongxiu(electric power test and {3. institute of hubei Province,47 Xudong Road Wuhan, China)Yu Jinchun Shun Wanmei Zhou Qinjun Zhang Hong(Hanchuan power Plant of hubei Province, Hanchuan County of hubei Province, China)

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关键词：钠离子反应机理强碱阴离子交换剂

Quantifying the effectiveness of SiO_2/Au light trapping nanoshells for thin film poly-Si solar cells

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2010年第8期53卷 2228-2231页

作者： BAI YiMing 1 ,WANG Jun 2 ,CHEN NuoFu 1,3.,YAO JianXi 1 ,YIN ZhiGang 3.,ZHANG Han 3., ZHANG XingWang 3.,HUANG TianMao 3.,WANG YanShuo 3.&yang xiaoli 3.1School of Renewable Energy Engineering,North China electric {3. University,Beijing 102206,China 2 National Engineering research Center for Optoelectronic Devices,institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences,PO Box 912,Beijing 100083.China 3.Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials Science,institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences,PO Box 912,Beijing 100083.China School of Renewable Energy Engineering North China Electric Power University Beijing China National Engineering research Center for Optoelectronic Devices Institute of Semiconductors Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials Science Institute of Semiconductors Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China

In order to enhance light absorption of thin film poly-crystalline silicon(TF poly-Si)solar cells over a broad spectral range, and quantify the effectiveness of nanoshell light trapping structure over the full solar spectrum in theory,the effective photon trapping flux(EPTF)and effective photon trapping efficiency(EPTE)were firstly proposed by considering both the external quantum efficiency of TF poly-Si solar cell and scattering properties of light trapping *** EPTF,EPTE and scattering spectrum exhibit different behaviors depending on the geometric size and density of nanoshells that form the light trapping *** an optimum size and density of SiO2/Au nanoshell light trapping layer,the EPTE could reach up to 40%due to the enhancement of light trapping over a broad spectral range,especially from 500 to 800 nm.

关键词： thin film poly-crystalline silicon surface plasmons SiO2/Au nanoshell

Challenges from the New Emission Standards for SO2 and NOX

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electricity 2012年第Z1期 55-58页

作者： Shen Baozhong1, Chen Zhen2, Xu Xiaoming3.l. Huaneng Shanghai Shidongkou Second power Plant 2. East China electric power {3. & research institute Co., Ltd. 3. Shanghai electric power Co., Ltd. Hao Xiaowen

The Emission Standards of Air Pollutants from Thermal power Plants (GB 13.23.2011) prescribe a stricter limitation to air pollutants than ever before. As set in the new emission standard, the limitations of SO2 and NOX for sensitive areas under normal conditions are 50 mg/m3.and 100 mg/m3. respectively. The objective analysis and suggestions are proposed. The recent status and operational experience of desulfurization and denitrification equipment are discussed. From the discussions, thermal power plants face a huge challenge to satisfy the new emission standards. For further reducing of the emission concentrations of SO2 and NOX, three methods were introduced, including: seriously implementing the emission standards, improving treatment equipment, and increasing the efficiencies of desulfurization and denitrification.

关键词： power plant emission standard sulfur dioxide nitrogen oxides

Torque model of hydro turbine with inner energy loss characteristics

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2010年第10期53卷 2826-2832页

作者： ZENG Yun1,2, GUO YaKun2, ZHANG LiXiang1, XU TianMao3.& DONG HongKui4 1 Construction Engineering College, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650051, China 2 School of Engineering, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3.E, UK 3.Computing Center, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650051, China 4 Hydraulic Energy Department, Yunnan electric power test and {3. institute, Kunming 650217, China Construction Engineering College Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming China School of Engineering University of Aberdeen Aberdeen UK Computing Center Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming China Hydraulic Energy Department Yunnan Electric Power Test and Research Institute Kunming China

This paper presents the result and analysis of the composition of energy loss occurring in the hydro turbine. Two new types of energy losses,namely the hydraulic loss in the flow channel and the impact loss,are defined. All losses within the hydro turbine are divided into four types and the loss coefficients are defined accordingly. Expressions or characteristic descriptions of these losses as well as the calibration method of the loss coefficients are presented. Furthermore,the torque model of the hydro turbine where the inner energy loss takes place is established. The developed model has been used to calculate the power loss due to the mechanical friction generated by the units’ rotation to solve the difficulty of measurements of the mechanical friction loss in the hydro turbine. The definition of the impact loss explains the phenomenon that the loss of no-load is greater than that of the rated operation. A set of conversion coefficients are defined using the characteristic parameters at the rated operation,which are used to transform the parameters in the torque model into those that are easily measured. Therefore,the expression of the hydro turbine power is converted into a function that has the main servomotor displacement as its single variable. This makes the proposed model be convenient to use. Finally,the proposed model and methods are calibrated and verified using the measured data of a hydropower plant. Good agreement between the modeled results and the measurements indicates that the proposed model can represent the inner energy loss characteristics of the hydro turbine.

关键词： hydraulic loss in flow channel impact loss loss coefficients conversion coefficients