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Discovery of seep carbonate nodules as new evidence for gas venting on the northern continental slope of South China Sea

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2006年第10期51卷 1228-1237页

作者： CHEN Zhong1,2,3. YAN Wen1,2,3. CHEN Muhong1,3. WANG Shuhong1,2,3. LU Jun1,3. ZHANG Fan1,3. XIANG Rong1,3. XIAO Shangbin1,3. YAN Pin1,2,3.& GU Senchang1,2,3.1. South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sci-ences, guangzhou 5103.1, China 2. guangzhou Center for Gas Hydrate Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, guangzhou 5103.1, China 3. Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology and guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, guangzhou 5103.1, China South China Sea Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Science Guangzhou China guangzhou Center for Gas Hydrate Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Guanzhou China Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology South China Sea Institute of Oceanology and Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou China

Seep carbonate nodules were firstlycollected from the southwestern Dongsha area onnorthern continental slope of South China Sea formineralogical and geochemical studies. The resultsof X-ray diffraction show that carbonate nodules arecomposed of Fe-rich domolite,siderite and a few cal-cite and aragonite, as well as a small quantity ofnon-carbonate minerals such as goethite, quartz andclay minerals. Fe-rich dolomite and siderite charac-terized by euhedral microcrystalline structure weredirectly precipitated at cold seeps. The δ 1.0} valuesfor Fe-rich dolomite and siderite in the bulk nodulesvary from ?1..24‰ to ?3..07‰, and the δ 1.O valuesrange from 0.42 to 2.76‰. Their moderate depleted1.0} reflects that carbon origin is possibly thermoge- netic gas or mixed gas, which is evidence of gasventings in the seafloor. Moreover, massive wormtube fossils related to cold seeps were found on thesurfaces of carbonate nodules, and the conduitsand/or channels in semi-solidified nodules whichwere not filled by carbonate or sediment were alsoobserved. A preliminary conclusion is that activemicro gas venting with a conduit/channel diameterrange from 200 μm to 600 μm possibly exists inmodern seafloor of the carbonate nodule area.

关键词：渗出碳酸盐节碳氧同位素甲烷渗漏天然气水化物

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Southeastern extension of the Red River fault zone (RRFZ) and its tectonic evolution significance in western South China Sea

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Science China Earth Sciences 2006年第8期49卷 839-850页

作者： LIU Baoming1.2,3. XIA Bin1. LI Xuxuan1.3. ZHANG Minqiang1.3. NIU Binhua2, ZHONG Lifeng1. JIN Qinghuan1.4 & JI Shaocheng1.5 1. Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences,guangzhou 51.640, China 2. China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 1.0083. China 3. Research Center of Science & Technology Department, CNOOC, Beijing 1.0027, China 4. guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, Ministry of Land & Resources, guangzhou 51.075, China 5. Ecole Polytechnique Montreal, H3.3.7, Canada 1. Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology and Resources Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510640 China 2. China University of Geosciences (Beijing) Beijing 100083 China 3. Research Center of Science & Technology Department CNOOC Beijing 100027 China 4. guangzhou Marine Geological Survey Ministry of Land & Resources Guangzhou 510075 China 5. Ecole Polytechnique Montreal H3C3A7 Canada

Recent geophysical surveys and basin modeling suggest that the No.1.fault in the Ying- gehai basin (YGHB) is the seaward elongation of the Red River fault zone (RRFZ) in the South China Sea (SCS). The RRFZ, which separates the South China and Indochina block, extends first along the Yuedong fault, offshore of Vietnam, and then continues southward and breaks off into two branches: the Lupar fault and the Tinjia fault. The southern extension of the Lupar fault dies out beneath the NW Borneo while the Tinjia fault extends southeast and reaches the Brunei-Sabah area. According to the gravity and geomagnetic data, and the tectonic evolution of the basins, there are different evolution histories between the Wan’an basin (WAB) and the basins in the Nansha block. The Tinjia fault may be the boundary between the Balingian block and the Nansha block. Hence, the line linking the Yue- dong fault and the Tinjia fault, which both are continental margin faults and strike-slip ones in the geological evolution histories, constitute the boundary between the Indochina and Nansha block. The Lupar fault, in contrast, is an intraplate fault within the Indochina block. The results provide new hints for reconstructing the tectonic evolution history of the RRFZ and the opening of the SCS, and also a framework for hydrocarbon prospecting in the region.

关键词： Red River fault zone, tectonic evolution, fault, extension, western South China Sea.

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Geochemistry of high-Mg andesites from the early Cretaceous Yixian Formation, western Liaoning: Implications for lower crustal delamination and Sr/Y variations

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Science China Earth Sciences 2006年第9期49卷 904-914页

作者： WANG Xiaorui1. GAO Shan1.2, LIU Xiaoming1. YUAN Honglin1. HU Zhaochu1. ZHANG Hong1.3.& WANG Xuance4 1. State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi`an 71.069, China 2. State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 43.074, China 3. Shenyang Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, Shenyang 1.003., China 4. guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, guangzhou 51.640, China 1. State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics Department of Geology Northwest University Xi’an 710069 China 2. State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China 3. Shenyang Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources Shenyang 110032 China 4. guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510640 China

85 volcanic rocks of the Yixian Formation from the Sihetun type section werecollected and analyzed for geochemical and isotopic compositions. Major element compositionsindicate that the Sihetun volcanic rocks are high magnesium andesites with some basalts occurring atthe bottom of section. The Sihetun high magnesium andesites (SiO_2 = 52.82-59.3. wt%, Al_2O_3.1..1.-1..3.wt%) show many characteristics of adakites such as depletion in heavy rare-earth elements(HREE; Yb = 1.03.1.88 μg/g) and Y(1.-20 μg/g) and high Sr (620-1.0}3.μg/g) and Sr/Y(3.-88), withhigh La_N/Yb_N ratio (1.-25). They share similar major and trace element characteristics to volcanicrocks from the Xinglonggou Formation except their lower Nd isotope ratios (^(1.3.Nd/^(1.4)Nd(1.0}Ma) = 0.51.8-0.51.9, ε_(Nd) (1.0}Ma) = -1..6-1.0}8, ^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr (1.0} Ma) = *** were interpreted in a way that eclogite that formed at the base of thickened Archean lowercrust of the North China craton foundered into the convecting mantle and subsequently melted andinteracted with peridotite. However, compared to the Xinglonggou volcanic rocks, the source of theSihetun magma contained more ancient continental crustal material in order to explain its evolved Ndisotopes. The age of the Sihetun Formation was 1.0 to 1.0} Ma, and this indicates that delaminationlasted to the early Cretaceous period. The Sr contents and Sr/Y ratios of the Sihetun high-Mgandesites show significant negative correlations with SiO_2 for samples with SiO_2 > 56%. Thesesuggest that the Sr and Sr/Y values were reduced due to fractional crystallization of ***, the effect of crystallization on volcanic Sr and Sr/Y ratio has to be taken intoaccount.

关键词： High-Mg andesite, Adakite, Yixian Formation, North China Craton, delamination.

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Experimental Investigation on Viscosity of Cu-H_2O Nanofluids

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Journal of Wuhan University of Technology(Materials Science) 2009年第1期24卷 48-52页

作者：李新芳 Department of Packaging & Printing Zhongshan Torch Vocation and Technology College

A procedure for preparing a nanofluid that a solid-liquid composite material consists of solid nanoparticles with sizes typically of 1.1.0 nm suspended in liquid was proposed. By means of the procedure, Cu-H2O nanofluids with and without dispersant were prepared, whose sediment pho-tographs and particle size distribution were given to illustrate the stability and evenness of suspension with dispersant. The viscosity of Cu-H2O nanofluid was measured using capillary viscometers. The mass fractions（w） of copper nanoparticles in the experiment varied between 0.04% and 0.1.% with the temperature range of 3.-70 ℃. The experimental results show that the temperature and SDBS concentration are the major factors affecting the viscosity of the nano-copper suspensions, while the effect of the mass fraction of Cu on the viscosity is not as obvious as that of the temperature and SDBS dispersant for the mass fraction chosen in the experiment. The apparent viscosity of the copper nano-suspensions decreases with the temperature increase, and increases slightly with the increase of the mass fraction of SDBS dispersant, and almost keeps invariability with increasing the mass fraction of Cu. The influence of SDBS concentration on the viscosity of nano-suspension was relatively large comparing with that of the nanoparticle concentration.

关键词： nano-Cu/water suspension SDBS kinematic viscosity capillary viscometer

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Gas formation mechanism of marine carbonate source rocks in China

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Science China Earth Sciences 2005年第4期48卷 441-453页

作者： ZHAO Wenzhi1. WANG Zhaoyun1. HE Haiqing2, ZHANG Mingjie3. WANG Hongjun1. WANG Yunpeng4 & QIN Yong5 1. Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development, PetroChina, Beijing 1.0083. China 2. PetroChina Exploration & Production, Beijing 1.001., China 3. Department of Geology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 73.000, China 4. guangzhou Geochemical Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, guangzhou 51.640, China 5. China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221.00, China 1. Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development 100083 PetroChinaBeijin China 2. PetroChina Exploration & Production 100011 Beijing China 3. Department of Geology Lanzhou University 730000 Lanzhou China 4. guangzhou Geochemical Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences 510640 Guangzhou China 5. China University of Mining and Technology 221000 Xuzhou China

By breaking through the conventional ideology on the study of gas-formation mechanism of source rocks which focused on merely the characteristics of source rocks them- selves, and based on the development and distribution characteristics of marine carbonate source rocks in the medium-to-bottom parts of the Chinese superimposed sedimentary basins as well as various processes in the course of gas generation and reservoir forming, the complex hydrocarbon-generating model of carbonates is established. Such a model concerns not only the “three-stage” gas formation characteristics of carbonates, but also the gas generation process due to a thermal cracking of oil and the re-generation process of gas from heated secondary organic matters during the gas-generation and reservoir-forming course. The high-quality hy- drocarbon generating matter of marine carbonate source rocks determined a high gas-oil ratio and tended to form paleo-oil-reservoirs, representing an enrichment process of organic matters. The thermal cracking of oil in palaeo-oil-reservoirs is an important means for the effective forma- tion of gas reservoirs. The secondary organic matters in carbonate reservoirs may regenerate gas after a secondary deep burial, thus becoming an effective gas source.

关键词： carbonate, three-stage hydrocarbon generation, inhibitive effect of maturity, oil-cracking gas, second-ary asphalt gas.

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Electron microscopy study of the sakhaite from endogenous borate deposit in Hunan, China

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Science China Earth Sciences 2004年第3期47卷 232-238页

作者： LIU Xiangwen1.2, YANG Guangming2, ZOU Huamin3. QU Jing1.& ZHAO Wenxia4 1. Graduate School, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 43.074, China 2. Test Center, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 43.074, China 3. Physics and Technology College, Wuhan University, Wuhan 43.072, China 4. Test Center, Zhongshan University, guangzhou 51.275, China China Univ Geosci Grad Sch Wuhan 430074 Peoples R China China Univ Geosci Test Ctr Wuhan 430074 Peoples R China Wuhan Univ Phys & Technol Coll Wuhan 430072 Peoples R China Zhongshan Univ Test Ctr Guangzhou 510275 Peoples R China

Sakhaite specimens from an endogenous borate deposit in Hunan Province, China have been studied in detail by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns obtained with different crystal zone axes show that the crystal system is cubic, with a = 1.463.nm. The convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED) patterns indicate that the point group and space group of sakhaite is m3. and Fd3., respec-tively. The space group of synthetic sakhaite determined by Chichagov (1.74) is F41.0}. The possible reasons why the space groups of the natural and the synthetic sakhaites are different are discussed.

关键词： sakhaite, space group, convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED).

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Evaluation criteria for gas source rocks of marine carbonate in China

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Progress in Natural Science:Materials International 2005年第9期15卷 810-817页

作者： WANG Zhaoyun1.*, ZHAO Wenzhi1.and WANG Yunpeng2(1. Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development,PetroChina, Beijing 1.0083. China 2. {1. Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, {1. 51.640, China) Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development PetroChina Beijing 100083 China. guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510640 China

Hydrocarbon generating and expulsion simulation experiments are carried out using samples artifically matched between the acid-dissolved residue of relatively low-maturity limestone and the original sample. This work makes up for the insufficiency of source rock samples with high abundance of organic matters and low maturity in China. The organic carbon content of the 1. prepared samples varies between 0.1.% and 0.74%. Pyrolysis data and simulation experiment results of hydrocarbon generating and expulsion, which were obtained by a high-temperature and high-pressure open system, indicate that the lower limit of organic carbon content for marine carbonate rock to generate and expel hydrocarbons is 0.23.—0.3.%. In combination with the numerical analysis of organic carbon in marine carbonate rocks from Tarim Basin, Sichuan Basin, Ordos Basin and North China, as well as the contribution of these gas source rocks to the discovered gas pools, we think that the organic carbon criterion for carbonate gas source rocks should be 0.3..

关键词： carbonate gas source rock gas-generating efficiency evaluation criteria simulation experiment.

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Electrochemical Characterization of Surface-modified LiMn_2O_4 Cathode Materials for Li-ion Batteries

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Journal of Wuhan University of Technology(Materials Science) 2006年第4期21卷 56-59页

作者：禹筱元 College of Science South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642ChinaSchool of Physics & Engineering Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275China

To improve the performance, the surface of 1.Mn2O4 was coated with very fine MgO , Al2O3.and ZnO by solgel method, respectively. The structure and morphology of the coated materials were investigated by X-ray diffraction （ XRD ）, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （ XPS ） and scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. The charge and discharge performance of uncoated and surfnce modified 1.Mn2O4 spinel at 25℃ and 55 ℃ were tested, using a voltage window of 3.0-4.3. V and a current deasity of 0. 1.C rate. There is a slight decrease in the initial discharge capacity relative to that of uncoated UMn2 O4, bat the cycle ability of 1. 1.Mn2O4 coated by metal-oxide has remarkably been improved. The EIS measuremeuts of uncoated and Al2O3.-coated 1.Mn2O4 were carried out by a model 273.A potentiostatl galvanistat controUed by a computer using M270 software, and using a freqnency response analyzer （ Zsimpwin ） combined with a potentiostate （ PAR 273.. Coaseqnently, the reason for the improved cycle properties is that the surface modification reduces the dissolution of Mn , which results from the suppression of the electrolyte decomposition, and suppresses the formation of passivation film that acts as an electronic insulating layer. In conclusion, the use of surface modification is an effective way to improve the electrochemical performance of 1.Mn2O4 cathode material for lithium batteries.

关键词： lithium-ion batteries surface modification metal-oxide coating: 1.Mn2O4 cathode

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Minimum Exact Cover Problem of Group Key Distribution

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Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences 2009年第2期14卷 137-142页

作者： FU Xiong1.2, XU Shouzhi3.1. School of Law ,Wuhan University, Wuhan 43.072, Hubei, China 2. Department of Technology, guangzhou Luogang District People’s Court, guangzhou 51.73., Guangdong, China 3. College of Electronic Engineering and Information Technology, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443.02, Hubei, China School of Law Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 Hubei China Department of Technology Guangzhou Luogang District People’s Court Guangzhou 510730 Guangdong China College of Electronic Engineering and Information Technology China Three Gorges University Yichang 443002 Hubei China

Secure group communications are restrained by the number of the group size, number of changes and their distribution, all existing works do not meet the commands of applications with large group size and high dynamic members. In this paper, minimum exact cover problem for group key distribution （GMECP） is presented, and a heuristic solution is testified. Then an algorithm of batch rekeying with renewing cost tending to zero is illustrated, which can process any large number of change requests with best security guaranteed. Efficiency analysis and simulation test show that the achievement can improve the efficiency of any tree-based group key management.

关键词： minimum exact cover problem group key distribution secure multicast group key management

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Properties of Rotating Neutron Stars in the Relativistic σ-ω Model

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Communications in Theoretical Physics 2004年第1期41卷 51-54页

作者： WEN De-Hua~(1.2) CHEN Wei~3.WANG Xian-Ju~1.AI Bao-Quan~1.LIU Guo-Tao~1.LIU Liang-Gang~1.1.Department of Physics,Zhongshan University,{1. 51.275,China2 Department of Physics,South China University of Technology,{1. 51.641.China3.Department of Physics,Jinan University,{1. 51.63.,China Department of Physics Jinan University Guangzhou 510632 China

The properties such as the moment of inertia,the surface redshift and the radius of gyration of rotatingneutron stars in the relativistic σ-ω model are studied with the Hartle’s *** relation between the angularvelocity of the fluid relative to the local inertial frame and the uniform angular velocity relative to the infinite iscalculated.

关键词： relativistic σ-ω model rotating neutron star equation of state

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