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Synthesis of todorokite by refluxing process and its primary characteristics

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Science China earth sciences 2004年第8期47卷 760-768页

作者： FENG Xionghan1, LIU Fan1, TAN Wenfeng1, LIU Xiangwen2.& HU Hongqing1 1. College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural university, wuhan 4{2.070, China 2. Testing Center, China university of {{2., wuhan 430074, China 1. College of Resources and Environment Huazhong Agricultural University 430070 Wuhan China 2. Testing Center China University of Geosciences 430074 Wuhan China

Single phase and well-crystallined todorokite were synthesized by heating and refluxing process from birnessite as a precursor. The average chemical composition of the synthesized todorokites by refluxing for 8 h and for 2. h was Mg0.19MnO2.11(H2.)1.15 and in0.17-MnO2.10(H2.)0.88, respectively. The crystallinity of the todorokite increased and no other phase was produced with increasing refluxing period. The synthesized todorokites have the same morphologies and the similar structural characteristics with the natural todorokites and hydro-thermally synthesized samples. The chemical compositions of the synthetic tordorokites by refluxing process are close to those of todorokites synthesized by hydrothermal process, except a higher average oxidation state of Mn for the former.

关键词： todorokite,birnessite,manganese oxide,refluxing,hydrothermal,synthesis.

Late Caledonian Ductile Thrusting Deformation in the Central East Kunlun Belt, Qinghai, China and Its Significance: Evidence from Geochronology

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2003年第3期77卷 311-319页

作者： WANG Guocan, CHEN Nengsong, ZHU Yunhai and ZHANG Kexin faculty of earth {2., China {3. of geosciences, wuhan, Hubei 430074 E-mail: wgcan@*** Ren Xifei, Liu Ruixun and Xie Guanglian faculty of earth {2. China University of Geosciences Wuhan Hubei 430074

A high-angle ductile thrusting deformation with top-to-the-north movement penetratively developed in the Proterozoic-Early Paleozoic metamorphic rocks along the Central East Kunlun belt. The deformed rocks suffered epidote-amphibolite facies metamorphism. On the basis of our previous study, we present more data in this paper to further support that the ducdle thrust deformation occurred in the later Caledonian and more detailed information about the deformation. A zircon U-Pb concordant age of 446±2.2.Ma of a deformed granodiorite in the ductile thrust zone was obtained and can be interpreted as the lower limit of the deformation. A syntectonically crystallized and also strongly deformed hornblende Ar/ Ar dating gives an Ar/Ar plateau age of 42..5±3.8 Ma, which represents the deformation age. A strongly orientated muscovite gives an Ar/Ar plateau age of 408±1.6Ma, representing the cooling age after the peak temperature, constraining the upper limit of the ductile thrust deformation. This ductile thrust deformation can be interpreted as the result of the closing of the Central East Kunlun archipelago ocean. To the north, Ar/Ar plateau ages of 3.2.9±0.2.Ma and 3.6.8±0.8 Ma of muscovite in the deformed Xiaomiao Group represent the uplift cooling ages of deeper rocks after the thrusting movement. The original thrusting foliation has a low angle. A rotation model was put forward to explain the development of the foliation from the original low-angle to present high-angle dipping.

关键词： ductile thrust deformation geochronology Central East Kunlun Belt Qinghai China

Research on the dynamics of the South China Sea opening:Evidence from analogue modeling

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Science China earth sciences 2006年第10期49卷 1053-1069页

作者： SUN Zhen1,2. ZHOU Di1, ZHONG Zhihong3. XIA Bin2. QIU Xuelin1, ZENG Zuoxun4 & JIANG Jianqun5 1. CAS Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of sciences, Guangzhou 5103.1, China 2. CAS Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China 3. Department of Technology, Shenzhen Branch of CNOOC, Guangzhou 5102.0, China 4. {2. of {3. sciences, China university of geosciences, wuhan 430074, China 5. Hainan Oil & Gas Exploration Company, Liaohe Oilfield PetroChina, Panjin 12.010, China 1. CAS Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology South China Sea Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510301 China 2. CAS Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510640 China 3. Department of Technology Shenzhen Branch of CNOOC Guangzhou 510240 China 4. faculty of earth {2. China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China 5. Hainan Oil & Gas Exploration Company Liaohe Oilfield PetroChina Panjin 124010 China

Independent of Indochina extrusion, the South China Sea experienced a process from passive continental rifting to marginal sea drifting. According to the fault patterns in the Beibu Gulf basin and the Pearl River Mouth basin, the continental rifting and early spreading stage from 3. to 2. Ma were controlled by extensional stress field, which shifted clockwise from southeastward to south southeastward. From 2. Ma on, the sea spread in NW-SE direction and ceased spreading at around 15.5 Ma. Integrated geological information with the assumption that the South China Sea developed along a pre-Cenozoic weakness zone, we did analogue experiments on the South China Sea evolu- tion. Experiments revealed that the pre-existing weakness zone goes roughly along the uplift zone between the present Zhu-1 and Zhu-2.depression. The pre-existing weakness zone is composed of three segments trending NNE, roughly EW and NEE, respectively. The early opening of the South China Sea is accompanied with roughly 15° clockwise rotation, while the SE sub-sea basin opened with SE extension. Tinjar fault was the western boundary of the Nansha block (Dangerous Ground), while Lupar fault was the eastern boundary of the Indochina, NW-trending rift belt known as Zengmu basin developed between above two faults due to block divergent of Indochina from Nansha. In the experiment, transtensional flower structures along NW-trending faults are seen, and slight inversion occurs along some NE-dipping faults. The existence of rigid massifs changed the orientations of some faults and rift belt, and also led to deformation concentrate around the massifs. The rifting and drifting of the South China Sea might be caused by slab pull from the proto South China Sea subducting toward Borneo and/or mantle flow caused by India-Asia collision.

关键词： South China Sea, rifting and drifting, clockwise rotation, analogue modeling, rigid massifs.

Paleoceanographic evolution recorded in the northern South China Sea since 4 Ma

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Science China earth sciences 2005年第12期48卷 2166-2173页

作者： HUANG Baoqi1,2. JIAN Zhimin2.& WANG Pinxian2.1. School of earth and Space sciences, Peking {2., Beijing 100871, China 2. Laboratory of Marine Geology, Tongji {2., Shanghai 2.0092. China 1. School of earth and Space sciences Peking University 100871 Beijing China 2. Laboratory of Marine Geology Tongji University 200092 Shanghai China

Upper water structure over the last 4 million years in the northern South China Sea (SCS) was reconstructed by sea surface temperature (SST) and primary productivity estimated by changes in the abundance of planktonic foraminifer, planktonic foraminifer transfer function, and the accumulation rate of benthic foraminifera. Results of SST and primary productivity show that SST gradually decreased since 4 Ma, but differential seasonal temperature and primary productivity increased in steps mainly at about 3.1, 2.7, 2.1, 1.6, 0.9 and 0.5 Ma. Comparison with tectonics and orbital variations indicates that phased rising of the Tibet since 3.6 Ma, closing of Panama and Indonesian seaways, and orbital changes were responsible for the changes of upper water structure in the SCS, respectively.

关键词： northern South China Sea, upper water structure, Late Pliocene, planktonic foraminifer, ODP 1146.

Pathways of birnessite formation in alkali medium

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Science China earth sciences 2005年第9期48卷 1438-1451页

作者： FENG Xionghan1, TAN Wenfeng1, LIU Fan1, HUANG Qiaoyun1 & LIU Xiangwen2.1. College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural university, wuhan 4{2.070, China 2. Testing Center, China university of {{2., wuhan 430074, China 1. College of Resources and Environment Huazhong Agricultural University 430070 Wuhan China 2. Testing Center China University of Geosciences 430074 Wuhan China

Birnessite is a common weathering and oxidation product of manganese-bearing rocks. An O2.oxidation procedure of Mn(OH)2.in the alkali medium has been used to synthesize birnessite. Fast and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron diffraction (ED), energy dispersed X-ray analysis (EDAX), infrared spectroscopy (IR) techniques and chemical composition analysis, Eh-pH equilibrium diagram approaches were employed to investigate the reaction process and pathways of birnessite formation. Results showed that the process of the birnessite formation could be divided into four stages: (1) forma- tion stage for hausmannite and feitknechtite, (2. stage of transformation of hausmannite and feitknechtite to buserite, (3. buserite crystal growing stage, and (4) stage of conversion of buser- ite into birnessite. Mn(OH)2.was mainly present as amorphous state only for a short initial time of oxidation reaction. In the oxidation process, buserite formed following two pathways by recrys- tallization after dissolution of the intermediates, and the transformations of the minerals de- pended on the Eh determined by the dissolved O2.concentration on their surfaces. The results are fundamental in further exploration on the mechanism of birnessite formation in the alkali medium. A great practical significance would also be expected with respect to the areas of mate- rial sciences.

关键词： birnessite, pathway of formation, reaction process, Eh-pH diagram, hausmannite, feitknechtite.

Griesbachian Cyclostratigraphy at MajiashanSection, Anhui Province, China

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Journal of China university of geosciences 2001年第1期12卷 22-26页

作者： Peng Yuanqiao Tong Jinnan faculty of earth {2., China {3. of geosciences, wuhan 430074 Gao Yongqun China {3. of geosciences Press, wuhan 430074 faculty of earth {2. China University of Geosciences China university of geosciences Press

The Lower Triassic at Majiashan Section, deposited in the deep part of the Lower Yangtze carbonate ramp, is the only outcrop of the deep Lower Triassic preserved in the present Lower Yangtze region. Even so, the alternations of mudrock of mudrock and marl (or limestone) are still very distinct and recognizableable, though usually more or less condensed. The lithological and geochemical cycles at Majiashan Section are discussed in terms of the sedimentary characters and the contents of some elements analyzed at a 2.centimeter-interval with no hiatus of the Lower Triassic. The division resolution of the Griesbachian stratigraphy may increase to the scale of ten thousand years by the mudrock-marl (or limestone) bundles and the geochemical cycles. The analysis of the relationship between the sedimentary cycles/the geochemical cycles and the Milankovitch cycles may suggest the time limit and the sedimentary rates.

关键词： Majiashan Section Griesbachian sedimentary bundles geochemical characters Milankovitch cycles.

High-Field-Strength Elements in Mafic Volcanics from North China Craton: Implications for Archean-Proterozoic Boundary and Source Composition

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Journal of earth Science 1998年第2期17卷 17-23页

作者： Liu Yongsheng Gao Shan Luo Tingchuan faculty of earth {2., China {3. of geosciences, wuhan 430074

Archean to Cenozoic mafic volcanic rocks from the North China craton are studied. They show Archean Proterozoic (Ar Pt) boundary and geochemical anomalies in Cenozoic basalts. Proterozoic mafic volcanics are enriched in most of the high field strength elements (HFSE) compared with Archean ones. Nb, Ta and Th show a distinct sequence of incompatibility in Archean and Proterozoic. The Cenozoic basalts are enriched in HFSE and Ni and their REEs are strongly differentiated with positive Eu anomalies ( δ (Eu)=1.14). The Ar Pt boundary could be related to change in oxygen fugacity and requires an increasing importance of enriched mantle source. The geochemistry of Cenozoic basalts implies a mantle source similar to OIB. Residuum from subducting partial melting of old basaltic oceanic crust and continental crust is likely to contribute to the formation of the enriched mantle.

关键词： mafic volcanic rocks high field strength element Archean Proterozoic boundary enriched mantle.

Location of Triassic Tectonic Suture Between Collided Sino-Korean and Yangtze Cratons in Dabie-Sulu Region, China

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Journal of earth Science 1999年第4期18卷 281-286页

作者： Suo Shutian Zhong Zengqiu You Zhendong(faculty of earth {2., China {3. of geosciences, wuhan 430074) faculty of earth {2. China University of GeosciencesWuhan 430074

The regional extent and spatial distribution of ultrahigh pressure metamorphic(UHPM) and high pressure metamorphic (HPM) rocks, and the geometrical relationships of various petrotectonic units in the Dabie-Sulu region indicate that the Triassic collisional suture line between the Sino-Korean and Yangtze cratons is situated at the northern margin of the Dabie massif, that is,along the Balifan-Mozitan-Xiaotian fault in the Dabie region, and possibly is linked to the Wulian-Yantai fault in the Sulu region to tbe east. The suture line has been strongly modified duriug and subsequent to UHPM aud HPM events.

关键词： UHPM and HPM belts suture line Dabie massif Dabie-Sulu region

Magnetic Petrology of Archean High-Grade Terrains: Window into Deep Crustal Structure and Geodynamic Processes

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Journal of earth Science 1998年第1期17卷 83-87页

作者： Liu Qingsheng Department of Applied Geophysics, China university of geosciences,{2. Gao Shan {3. of earth sciences, China university of geosciences,{2.

The major results about magnetic petrology of Archearn high grade terrains in the world are reviewed in this article, focusing on the relationship between rock magnetism and deformation, and metamorphism and intensity of magnetization of the lower continental crust. The important problems about the magnetic study of rocks for high grade terrains are advanced.

关键词： lower continental crust granulite facies terrain magnetic petrology.