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Experimental remolding on the caprock's 3. strain field of the Indosinian-Yanshanian epoch in Tongling deposit concentrating area

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Science china earth {2. 2005年第7期48卷 863-874页

作者： DENG Jun1,HUANG Dinghua2.WANG Qingfei1,WAN Li1,SUN Zhongshi3.YANG Liqiang1 & GAO Bangfei1 1. State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources,china {2. of Geosciences,Beijing 100083.china 2. faculty of earth sciences,china {2. of Geosciences,{12. 4.0074.china 3. Department of earth sciences,Jilin {2.,Changchun 13.061,china State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 China faculty of earth {2. China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China Department of earth sciences Jilin University Changchun 130061 China

Based on field observations and rheology analysis, we perform one analogue experiment and remold the 3. structural frame of Tongling deposit concentrating area firstly. Then we disassemble and dialyze the 3. structures of the model using the methods of "slicing" and "stripping". A series of sliced planes vertical to the fold hinges show similar landscapes of that in the drill hole profiles. Meanwhile, layer stripping analysis indicates that the deformation features of each layer in the model are qualitatively analogical to those obtained from field observations. Through contrasting the 3. structure between the experimental model and the field phenomena, we verify the following 3. deformation features of the caprock in this area: (1) the Tongling area mainly consists of three series of NE S-typed fold groups; (2. in the uniform stress field, the incoherent folds universally develop in different positions, along different axes as well as in different strata; (3. the faults propagate upward which are mostly inter-bedded detachment faults, while the fold amplitudes decrease while going deeper; and (4) the folds and cleavages are highly developed in the Silurian System indicating that the deformation effect of the Indosin-ian-Yanshanian structural layer terminates at this layer, which suggests that the Silurian System is the crucial layer for the inversion between brittle and plastic deformation domains and the underlying strata are subject to the control of another deformation system with distinct properties.

关键词： Tongling deposit concentrating area Indosinian-Yanshanian epoch 3. structural frame of the caprock analogue experiment slicing and stripping analysis structural model.

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Exsolution of ilmenite and Cr-Ti magnetite from olivine of garnet-wehrlite

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Science china earth {2. 2005年第9期48卷 1368-1376页

作者： LIU Xiangwen1,2. JIN Zhenmin1,3. QU Jing2.& WANG Lu2.1. State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, china {2. of Geosciences,{3. 2. Graduate School of china {2. of Geosciences,{3. 3. faculty of earth sciences, china {2. of Geosciences,{3. 1. State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources China University of Geosciences 430074 Wuhan China 2. Graduate School of china university of Geo{2. 430074 Wuhan China 3. faculty of earth sciences China University of Geosciences 430074 Wuhan China

Exsolution of rod-like ilmenite (Ilm) and Cr-Ti magnetite (Mt) have been found in olivine of garnet-wehrlite from the core of Chinese Continental sciences Drilling (CCSD). Their composition, morphology, crystal structure and their topotaxies with host olivine have been studied in detail by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron probe microanaly- sis (EPMA) technique. It shows that rod-like Ilm exsolution reported in this paper has similar characteristic with that of Alpe Arami olivine, while Cr-Ti magnetite exsolution mentioned in this paper has large discrepancy with chromite exsolution in Alpe Arami olivine. These observations suggest that both of the exsolutions found in this paper should be solid solution phases in β-olivine at their first period, then experiencing decomposition of solid solution and therefore forming Ilm and Cr-Ti magnetite exsolution with the pressure decreasing. So, this garnet-wehrlite perhaps had been ever located in mantle transition zone with a minimum depth of 3.0 km.

关键词： garnet-wehrlite, ilmenite, magnetite, exsolution, CCSD.

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Petrogenesis and dating of the Kangding complex,Sichuan Province

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Science china earth {2. 2005年第5期48卷 622-634页

作者： CHEN Yuelong 1 , LUO Zhaohua 1 , ZHAO Junxiang, LI Zhihong, ZHANG Hongfei & SONG Biao 3.1. faculty of {2. sciences and Natural Resources, {3. university of Geosciences, Beijing 100083. {3. 2. faculty of {2. sciences, {3. university of Geosciences,{13. 3. Beijing SHRIMP Center, Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological sciences, Beijing 10003., {3. 1. faculty of earth {2. and Natural Resources China University of Geosciences 100083 Beijing China 2. faculty of earth {2. China University of Geosciences 430074 Wuhan China 3. Beijing SHRIMP Center Institute of Geology Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences 100037 Beijing China

An analysis of major and trace element geochemistry and SHRIMP U-Pb zircon dating of mafic, intermediate, and felsic rocks from the Mianning metamorphic complex of Si- chuan Province was conducted. One of our conclusions is that a majority of the zircons crystal- lized between 72. and 773.Ma in a magmatic regime. The complexes contain early to late Pa- leo-proterozoic relict zircons from ancient continental crust. The oldest age, 2.68 Ma, may rep- resent the basement of the Yangtze block. Overgrowth zircon rims and palingenetic zircons have been observed and dated, and are believed to have formed after crystallization, during Paleozoic and Mesozoic metamorphic-anatexis. We also conclude that depletion of Nb, Ta, HREE, in a spider-diagram normalized to primitive mantle and calc-alkaline association, implies that they formed in island-arc or under-plating settings.

关键词： Kangding complex, zircons, SHRIMP, tectonic setting.

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Experimental study of ore gabbro liquid immiscibility

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Science china earth {2. 2005年第4期48卷 496-505页

作者： SANG Zunan1,2. XIA Bin1, ZHOU Yongsheng3.& JIN Zhenmin4 1. Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of sciences, Guangzhou 510640, {2. 2. wuhan {3., wuhan 43.072. {2. 3. Institute of Geology, {2. Seismological Bureau, Beijing 10002., {2. 4. faculty of {12. sciences, {2. {3. of Geosciences, wuhan 4.0074. china 1. Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences 510640 Guangzhou China 2. wuhan university 430072 Wuhan China 3. Institute of Geology China Seismological Bureau 100029 Beijing China 4. faculty of earth {2. China University of Geosciences 430074 Wuhan China

In this paper, the authors present the results of a preliminary experimental study on partial melting of fine-grained gabbro, Panzhihua, Sichuan Province, china. Experiments were conducted under (confining) pressure ranging from 450 to 500 MPa and temperature of 900— 12.0℃. The results show that the initial melt is distributed along grain boundaries and triple junctions. Liquid immiscibility phenomena are noted in the melt with two compositional different melt phases, i.e. matrix and sphere phases. The matrix phase is relatively rich in Si, Al and K, and is depleted in Mg, Fe, Ca, Na and Ti, whereas the sphere phase shows opposite trends. The calculation of the melt free energy indicates that the liquid immiscibility is governed by the rule of thermodynamics, as the liquid immiscibility would result in the decrease in free energy of the melt system. The field relationships suggest that the liquid immiscibility may have played an important role in the generation of ore magma of Panzhihua V-Ti magnetite ore deposit. This study thus provides experimental constraints on the mechanism of the formation of V-Ti magnetite deposite.

关键词： partial melting, experimental study, gabbro, liquid immiscibility, ore formation mechanism.

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Sm-Nd and zircon SHRIMP U-Pb dating of Huilanshan mafic granulite in the Dabie Mountains and its zircon trace element geochemistry

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Science china earth {2. 2005年第12期48卷 2081-2091页

作者： HOU Zhenhui1, LI Shuguang1, CHEN Nengsong2. LI Qiuli1 & LIU Xiaoming3.1. School of earth and Space {2., university of Science and Technology of {3., Hefei 2.0}02., {3. 2. The Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics of the Ministry of Education, Northwest university, Xi’an 710069, {3. 3. faculty of earth sciences, {3. university of Geo{2., wuhan 4.0074. china 1. School of earth and Space sciences University of Science and Technology of China 230026 Hefei China 2. The Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics of the Ministry of Education Northwest University 710069 Xi’an China 3. faculty of earth sciences China University of Geosciences 430074 Wuhan China

The mafic granulites from Huilanshan are outcropped on the center of the Luotian dome in the northern Dabie Mountains. The Sm-Nd isochron defined by granulite-facies meta-morphic minerals (garnet + clinopyroxene + hypersthene) yields an age of 13. ± 18 Ma indicating the early Cretaceous granulite-facies metamorphism. The cathodoluminescence (CL) images of zircons from the granulite show clearly core-mantle-rim structures. The zircon cores are charac-terized by typical oscillatory zoning and highly HREE enriched patterns, which suggests their magma origin. Some zircon cores among them with little Pb loss give SHRIMP U-Pb ages rang-ing from 753.to 780 Ma, which suggests that the protolith of Huilanshan granulite is Neopro-terozoic mafic rocks. The zircon mantles usually cut across the oscillatory zone of the zircon cores have 3.10 times lower REE, Th, U, Y, Nb and Ta contents than the igneous zircon cores but have high common Pb contents. These characteristics suggest that they were formed by hydrothermal alteration of the igneous zircons. The part of zircon mantles with little Pb loss give a similar SHRIMP U-Pb age (716―780 Ma) to the igneous zircon cores, which implies that the hydrothermal events occurred closely to the magmatic emplacement. In view of the strong early Cretaceous magmatism in the Luotian dome, consequently, the Huilanshan mafic granulite was formed by heating of the Neoproterozoic mafic rocks in mid-low crust, which caused the granu-lite-facies metamorphism underneath the Dabie Mountains. The similarity between the granulite metamorphic age (13. ± 18 Ma) defined by Sm-Nd isochron and K-Ar age of 12.0}12. Ma given by amphible from the gneiss in Luotian dome suggests a rapid uplifting of the Luotian dome, which may result in further exhumation of the ultrahigh pressure metamorphic rocks in the Dabie Mountains.

关键词： Dabie orogen, granulite, zircon U-Pb ages, Sm-Nd age.

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Indian Ocean-MORB-type isotopic signature of Yushigou ophiolite in North Qilian Mountains and its implications

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Science china earth {2. 2006年第6期49卷 561-572页

作者： HOU Qingye1,2. ZHAO Zhidan1,2. ZHANG Hongfei3. ZHANG Benren3.& CHEN Yuelong2.1. State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, {2. university of Geosciences, Beijing 100083. {2. 2. School of earth Science and Mineral Resources, {2. university of Geosciences, Beijing 100083. {2. 3. faculty of earth sciences, {2. university of Geosciences,{13. 1. State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 China 2. School of earth Science and Mineral Resources China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 China 3. faculty of earth sciences China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China

In order to explore the disputed issue concerning the tectonic affinity ofthe ancient ocean mantle of North Qilian Mountains (NQM), geochemical and Sr, Nd, Pb isotopiccompositions of pillow basalts of the Yushigou Ophiolite (YSGO) suite from NQM have been analyzedsystematically. The pillow basalts exhibit tholeiitic characteristics, with flatchondrite-normalized REE patterns ((La/Yb)_N = 0.98—1.2.). They display no Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf negativeanomalies, and show MORB features in 2.b-Zr/4-Y and Ti/100-Zr-YX3.tectonic discrimination *** results indicate that the Yushigou ophiolite is most likely to be formed in a mid-ocean ridgeor mature back-arc basin. Their isotopic data show a relatively broad and enriched ^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr(0.70509 — 0.70700), restricted ^(143.Nd/^(144)Nd (0.512.55-0.512.78). Pb isotopes are in the rangeof ^(2.6)Pb/^(2.4)Pb (18.054-2..562., ^(2.7)Pb/^(2.4)Pb (15.53.-15.743. and ^(2.8)Pb/^(2.4)Pb(3..068-3..53.). These isotopic data imply that the basalts originated from the depleted mantle(DMM), with the involvement of enriched mantle components (mainly EMII). Geochemical comparisonsbetween the basalts in YSGO and the MORB-type basalts of ophiolite suites occurring in the knownancient Tethyan tectonic domain indicate that the ancient oceanic mantle represented by YSGO suiteforming in early Paleozoic in the North Qilian Moutains is very similar to the Tethyan mantle inboth trace elements and isotopic compositions. The North Qilian Mountains should be a part of theTethyan tectonic domain in early Paleozoic. This further implies that the Tethyan tectonic domaincan be deduced to early Paleozoic in the study area, which will be helpful to discussing thetectonic affinity and evolution of the North Qilian Mountains.

关键词： geochemistry, Indian Ocean-MORB-type isotopic signatures, Tethyan tectonic domain, Yushigou ophiolite, North Qilian Mountains.

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Geothermal and fluid flowing simulation of ore-forming antimony deposits in Xikuangshan

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Science china earth {2. 2006年第8期49卷 862-871页

作者： YANG Ruiyan1,2. MA Dongsheng2. BAO Zhengyu3. PAN Jiayong2. CAO Shuanglin2.& XIA Fei2.1. School of Mathematics and Physics, china {2. of Geosciences,{3. 2. State Key Laboratory for Research of Mineral Deposits, Nanjing {2., Nanjing 2.0093. china 3. faculty of earth sciences, china {2. of Geosciences,{3. 1. School of Mathematics and Physics China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China 2. State Key Laboratory for Research of Mineral Deposits Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 China 3. faculty of earth sciences China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China

The Xikuangshan Antimony Deposit located in the Mid-Hunan Basin, china, is the larg- est antimony deposit in the world. Based on the hydrogeological and geochemical data collected from four sections, Xikuangshan-Dajienao (AO), Xikuangshan-Dashengshan (BO), Xikuang- shan-Longshan (CO) and Dafengshan (DO) in the Basin, an advanced metallogenic model related to deep-cyclic meteoric water of Xikuangshan Antimony Deposit is put forward in this paper using a model of heat-gravity-driving fluid flow transportation. The simulation results show that the ore-forming fluid of the deposit mainly comes from the Dashengshan and Longshan areas where BO and CO sections are located if the overall basin keeps a constant atmospheric precipitation and infiltration rate during mineralization, and that the average transportation speed of the ore-forming fluids is about 0.2.0.4 m/a.

关键词： ore-forming fluid, numerical simulation, geothermal field, geofluid transport, Xikuangshan, antimony deposits.

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Permian carbonates of Baoshan block, Western Yunnan and their paleoclimatic implications

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Science china earth {2. 2004年第5期47卷 385-392页

作者： YAN Jiaxin1, LIANG Dingyi1 & WU Ming2.1. faculty of earth {2., {3. university of Geo{2., wuhan 4.0074. china 2. College of Chemistry and Life {2., South-Central university for Nationalities, wuhan 4.0074. china china Univ Geosci Fac Earth Sci Wuhan 430074 Peoples R China S Cent Univ National Coll Chem & Life Sci Wuhan 430074 Peoples R China

Recently, much attention has been paid to the climatic significance of carbonates originating in shallow water. Permian carbonates of shallow shelf origin are present in the upper part of the Dingjiazhai Formation, the upper part of the Yongde Formation, and the Shazipo Formation on the Baoshan block of Western Yunnan. Their skeleton and non-skeleton grain as-sociations have been investigated in this study. The carbonates of the Dingjiazhai Formation indicate a Bryonoderm (bryozoans-echinoderm) association without non-skeleton grains. The carbonates of Yongde and Shazipo formations show Chloroforam (green algae-foraminifers) association with peloids. Oolites develop in the Shazipo Formation. Based on the comparisons of grain association with coeval carbonates formed in different paleolatitudes (i.e. various paleo-climatic zones), the carbonates of the Dingjiazhai Formation were thought to have been accu-mulated in shelf environments of warm-temperate zone, and those of the Yongde and Shazipo formations in shelf environments of warm-water.

关键词： Early Permian, carbonate, paleoclimate, Western Yunnan.

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Transport network and flow mechanism of shallow ore-bearing magma in Tongling ore cluster area

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Science china earth {2. 2006年第4期49卷 397-407页

作者： DENG Jun1,2. WANG Qingfei1,2., HUANG Dinghua3., WAN Li4, YANG Liqiang1,2.& GAO Bangfei1,2.1. State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, china {2. of Geosciences, Beijing 100083. china 2. Key Laboratory of Lithosphere Tectonics and Lithoprobing Technology of Ministry of Education, china {2. of Geo- sciences, Beijing 100083. china 3. faculty of earth sciences, china {2. of Geosciences, wuhan 4.0074. china 4. School of Mathematics and Information Science, Guangzhou {2., Guangzhou 510405, china 1. State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 China 2. Key Laboratory of Lithosphere Tectonics and Lithoprobing Technology of Ministry of Education China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 China 3. faculty of earth sciences China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China 4. School of Mathematics and Information Science Guangzhou University Guangzhou 510405 China

Abundant studies revealed that shallow intrusions of the Yanshanian epoch resulted in the mass mineralization of the Tongling region. Various evidences showed there existed a concealed magma chamber at ?10 km depth in the middle part of this region during Yanshanian epoch, from which the ore-forming magma was generated and then transported to the superficial layer. Yet the transport network and flow mechanism of the shallow ore-bearing magma, the key problem associ- ated with ore-forming process, was relatively little focused on. Integrate analysis of structural me- chanics, statistical fractal and geological facts suggested that NE trending high-angle fold-related thrust faults and the tessellated basement ones served as the main pathways for the shallow magma’s transporting, moreover, the saddle void spaces among adjacent strata in the folds upon this fault system provided the place for magma’s emplacement. So the folds in the upper part and faults in the lower part of the upper crust constituted the fluid’s transport and emplacement network. During the deformation of geologic body with multi-layer structure, the layers in the upper part tended to fold when received the jacking stress from the lower part, while the lower one inclined to fault undergoing loads of the upper part. And the producing probability of this structure assemblage was highly in- creased in the condition, such as in the Tongling area, that the mechanic rigidity of the lower layers was stronger than that of the upper ones. For the pre-existence of fluid-conducting network, the top magma with high volatile in the magma chamber transported rapidly to the superficial layer in dyking pattern, located in the void spaces of folds, filled and reconstructed them. The sudden drop of pres- sure caused the fluid unmixing from the magma and mass ore-forming elements concentration. Pulse activity of the dyking may be the principal reason why magmatic bodies in the Tongling area were spatially-temporally con

关键词： Tongling, structural network, magma intrusion, fractal, dyke.

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The role of aerial algae in the formation of the landscape of the Yunnan Stone Forest,Yunnan Province, china

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Science china earth {2. 2004年第9期47卷 846-864页

作者： TIAN Youping1,3. ZHANG Jie2. SONG Linhua1 & BAO Haosheng2.1. Institute of Geographic sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of sciences, Beijing 100101, china 2. Department of Geography, Nanjing {3., Nanjing 2.0093. china 3. School of earth sciences and Resources, china {3. of Geosciences, Beijing 100083. china Institute of Geographic sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China Department of Geography Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 China School of earth sciences and Resources China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 China

Aerial algae on the surface of carbonate rocks at the Stone Forest, Shilin County, Yunnan Province, china, and their bioerosion were investigated in the field and studied in the laboratory in detail. Through the observation, identification and statistics of more than one hun- dred algal samples and rock samples with the optical microscopes (stereomicroscope, biological microscope) and the scanning electronic microscope (SEM), the relationships between erosional forms on the surface of the Stone Forest and algae and/or algal communities and the genetic mechanism for the formation of erosional forms were analyzed. It is suggested that aerial algae play an active role in bioerosive processes that may affect the formation of karst erosional forms. These effects include both direct and indirect ones. The direct effect is the initiative control (algal shape-controlling role) of algae on the formation of karst forms of various scales, mostly mi- cro-scale (3.) and minor-scale (10-3.10-1m) erosional forms. The algal shape-controlling roles can be divided into the algal individual shape-controlling role and the algal community shape-controlling role. The former mostly controls the formation of micro-scale erosional forms, while the latter mostly controls the formation of micro-scale and smaller minor-scale erosional forms. The indirect effect refers to the promoting role of algae in the formation of karst forms, which may affect the formation of karst forms of all types and scales. The bioerosion of algae accelerates the weathering process of the whole Stone Forest karst landforms.

关键词： aerial algae, bioerosion, the Stone Forest, Yunnan Province, china.

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