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Formation mechanisms of heavy oils in the Liaohe Western Depression,Bohai Gulf Basin

Science china Earth Sciences 2008年第S2期51卷 156-169页

作者： LI SuMei1,2.PANG XiongQi1,2.LIU keyu3,GAO XianZhi1,2.LI XiaoGuang4,CHEN ZhenYan4 & LIU BaoHong41 state key laboratory of petroleum resource and prospecting,china University of Petroleam,beijing 102.49,china 2.Basin and Reservoir Research Center,china University of petroleum,beijing 102.49,china 3 CSIRO petroleum,P.O. Box 1130,Bentley WA 6102.Australia 4 Liaohe Oilfield Co. Ltd,Petrochina,Panjin 12.010,china 1. state key {2. of petroleum resource and prospecting China University of Petroleam Beijing 102249 China2. Basin and Reservoir Research Center China University of Petroleum Beijing 102249 China3. CSIRO Petroleum P.O. Box 1130 Bentley WA 6102 Australia4. Liaohe Oilfield Co. Ltd PetroChina Panjin 124010 China

The Liaohe Oilfield in the Liaohe Western Depression of the Bohai Gulf Basin is the third-largest oil producing province and the largest heavy oil producing oilfield in china. A total of 65 oil samples,35 rock samples and 36 reservoir sandstone samples were collected and analyzed utilizing conventional geochemical and biogeochemical approaches to unravel the mechanisms of the formation of the heavy oils. Investigation of the oils with the lowest maturity compared with the oils in the Gaosheng and Niuxintuo oilfields indicates no apparent relation between the maturity and physical properties of the heavy oils. It is suggested that the heavy oil with primary origin is not likely the main mechanism re-sponsible for the majority of the heavy oils in the Liaohe Western Slope. The absence and/or depletion of n-alkanes etc.,with relatively low molecular weight and the occurrence of 2.-norhopane series in the heavy oils as well as the relatively high acidity of the oils all suggest that the majority of the heavy oils once experienced secondary alteration. The fingerprints of the total scanning fluorescence (TSF) of the inner adsorbed hydrocarbons on the reservoir grains and the included hydrocarbons in fluid inclusions are similar to that of the normal oils in the area but are different from the outer adsorbed and reser-voired free oils at present,further indicating that most of the heavy oils are secondary in origin. Analyses of bacteria (microbes) in 7 oil samples indicate that anaerobic and hyperthermophilic Ar-chaeoglobus sp. are the dominant microbes relevant to oil biodegradation,which coincides with the shallow commercial gas reservoirs containing anaerobic bacteria derived gas in the Gaosheng and Leijia teotonic belts. The biodegradation most likely occurs at the water/oil interface,where the forma-tion water is essential for microbe removal and nutrient transportation. We think that biodegradation,water washing and oxidization are interrelated and are the main mech

关键词： heavy oil Liaohe Western Depression biodegradation water washing formation mechanism

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Non-Darcy flow in oil accumulation (oil displacing water) and relative permeability and oil saturation characteristics of low-permeability sandstones

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petroleum Science 2010年第1期7卷 20-30页

作者： Zeng Jianhui Cheng Shiwei Kong Xu Guo Kai Wang Hongyu state key {2. of petroleum resources and prospecting China University of Petroleum Beijing 102249 China School of Natural resources and Information Technology China University of Petroleum Beijing 102249 China CNPC Greatwall Drilling Company Beijing 100101 China

Hydrocarbon resources in low-permeability sandstones are very abundant and are extensively distributed. Low-permeability reservoirs show several unique characteristics, including lack of a definite trap boundary or caprock, limited buoyancy effect, complex oil-gas-water distribution, without obvious oil-gas-water interfaces, and relatively low oil （gas） saturation. Based on the simulation experiments of oil accumulation in low-permeability sandstone （oil displacing water）, we study the migration and accumulation characteristics of non-Darcy oil flow, and discuss the values and influencing factors of relative permeability which is a key parameter characterizing oil migration and accumulation in low-permeability sandstone. The results indicate that： 1） Oil migration （oil displacing water） in low- permeability sandstone shows non-Darcy percolation characteristics, and there is a threshold pressure gradient during oil migration and accumulation, which has a good negative correlation with permeability and apparent fluidity; 2. With decrease of permeability and apparent fluidity and increase of fluid viscosity, the percolation curve is closer to the pressure gradient axis and the threshold pressure gradient increases. When the apparent fluidity is more than 1.0, the percolation curve shows modified Darcy flow characteristics, while when the apparent fluidity up＂ non-Darcy percolation curve; 3） Oil-water is less than 1.0, the percolation curve is a ＂concave- two-phase relative permeability is affected by core permeability, fluid viscosity, apparent fluidity, and injection drive force; 4） The oil saturation of low- permeability sandstone reservoirs is mostly within 35%-60%, and the oil saturation also has a good positive correlation with the permeability and apparent fluidity.

关键词： Non-Darcy flow relative permeability oil saturation low-permeability sandstone

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Research and application of water jet technology in well completion and stimulation in china

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petroleum Science 2010年第2期7卷 239-244页

作者： Li Gensheng Huang Zhongwei Tian Shouceng Shen Zhonghou state key {2. of petroleum resource and prospecting china University of petroleum Beijing 102249 China

In recent years, rapid progress in the use of high pressure water jets （HPWJ） has been made in oil and gas well drilling, completion, and stimulation; and good results have been achieved in field applications. Advances in technologies and developments of well completion and stimulation with hydrajet are reviewed in this paper. Experiments were conducted to study the characteristics of abrasive water jetting and to optimize jet parameters, which can provide methods for the well completion and hydrajet fracturing. Deep-penetrating hydrajet perforating can create a 2.3 m clean hole with a diameter of 2.-35 mm. Multilayer hydrajet fracturing is a process whereby multiple layers are stimulated in a single run without using mechanical packers, thereby reducing operation procedure and risk. Multilateral radial wells can be drilled using hydraulic jetting up to 100 m in length. The technique to remove sand particles and plugs with rotating self-resonating cavitating water jets in horizontal wellbores has been developed and oilfield-tested, which shows promising, cost effective prospects.

关键词： Water jet abrasive jet well completion perforation stimulation horizontal drilling with hydrajet

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A physical model study of effect of fracture aperture on seismic wave

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Science china Earth Sciences 2008年第S2期51卷 233-240页

作者： WEI JianXin & DI BangRang CNPC key Physical Exploration laboratory,{2. University of petroleum,beijing 102.48,{2. 1. CNPC key Physical Exploration laboratory China University of Petroleum Beijing 102248 China

Based on Hudson’s theoretical hypothesis of equivalent fracture model,inserting aligned round chips in solid model can simulate fractured media. The effect of fractures on the propagation of P and S waves can be observed by changing the fracture thickness. The base model is made of epoxy resin,and the material of fractures is a kind of low-velocity mixture containing silicon rubber. With constant diameter and number of fractures in each model,one group of models can be formed through changing the thickness of fracture. These models have the same fracture density. By using the ultrasonic pulse transmission method,the experiment records time and waveform of P and S waves in the direction parallel and perpendicular to the fracture orientation. The result shows that,with the same fracture density,changing fracture aperture will affect both velocity and amplitude of P and S waves,and the effect on P-wave amplitude is much greater than that on the velocity. Moreover,the variation in velocity of S wave is more obvious in the slow shear wave (S2.,while the variation in amplitude is more obvious in the fast shear wave (S1). These properties of wave propagation are useful for seismic data processing and interpretation.

关键词： fracture aperture Hudson’s fracture theory fractured model P-and S-wave velocity amplitude

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Alkylation mechanism of benzene with 1-dodecene catalyzed by Et_3NHCl-AlCl_3

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Science china Chemistry 2010年第5期53卷 1101-1106页

作者： QI GuoPeng 1,JIANG Feng 1,SUN XueWen 2.& ZHAO SuoQi 2.1School of Chemical Engineering,Tianjin University,Tianjin 300072.china 2.1} {2. laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing,petroleum University of china,beijing 102.49,china 1. School of Chemical Engineering Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China2. State key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing Petroleum University of China Beijing 102249 China

The isotope exchange method was employed to investigate the catalytic mechanism of ionic liquid in alkylation of benzenes with *** is proposed that alkylation was induced by the Lewis acid AlCl3 which attracted π electrons of 1-dodecene to shift toward 1-carbon,thus forming a carbonium *** carbonium ion further reacted with benzenes to form a *** to unstabilit of the complex,a deuterated ring proton was transferred into an electronegative 1-carbon of the side chain to substitute for the AlCl3,accordingly 2.phenyldodecane was generated.

关键词： ionic liquid alkylation mechanism deuteriobenzene isotope exchange method

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The effects of temperature and acid number of crude oil on the wettability of acid volcanic reservoir rock from the Hailar Oilfi eld

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petroleum Science 2010年第1期7卷 93-99页

作者： Xie Quan He Shunli Pu Wanfeng key laboratory of {2. Engineering Ministry of Education China University of Petroleum Beijing 102249 China state key {2. of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu Siehuan 610500 China

Wettability of acid volcanic reservoir rock from the Hailar Oilfield, china, was studied with crude oils of different acid numbers generated from an original crude oil with an acid number of 3.05 mg KOH/g. The modifed oils and their resultant acid numbers were： A （2.09 mg KOH/g）, B （0.75 mg KOH/g）, C （0.47 mg KOH/g）, D （0.30 mg KOH/g）, and E （0.18 mg KOH/g）. Contact angles and improved Amott water indexes were measured to study the effects of temperature and acid number on the wettability of the acid volcanic reservoir rock. Experimental results indicated that the wettability was not sensitive to variation in temperature when using the same oil, but the acid number of the crude oil was a key factor in changing the wettability of the rock. The Amott water index, Iw was an exponential function of the acid number, and the Amott water index increased as the acid number decreased （i.e. Amott water index exponentially decreased with the acid number increase）. The Iw value of the core saturated with oil A, with an acid number of 2.09 mg KOH/g, ranged from 0.06 to 0.11, which indicated low water wetness. If the acid number of the oil decreased to 0.18 mg KOH/g, the Iw value increased to 0.95, which indicated strong water wetness. The contact angle decreased from 80~ to 35~ when the aid number decreased from 0.75 to 0.18 mg KOH/g, indicating a change towards more water wet conditions. The oil recovery by spontaneous imbibition of water also increased as the acid number of the oil decreased. As an example, at 80 ~C, the recovery of Oil A with an acid number of 2.09 mg KOH/g was only 7.6%, while Oil E with an acid number of 0.18 mg KOH/g produced 56.4%, i.e. an increase of 48.8%.

关键词： Acid volcanic reservoir rock Amott wettability index wetting angle temperature acid number wettability

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An analysis of the types and distribution characteristics of natural gas reservoirs in china

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petroleum Science 2009年第1期6卷 38-42页

作者： Xu Zhangyou Yue Dali Wu Shenghe Zhang Xiaoyu Chen Ce Ni Yuqiang School of resources and Information Technology China University of Petroleum Beijing 102249 China state key {2. of petroleum resource and prospecting China University of Petroleum Beijing 102249 China

The natural gas reservoir beds of different areas in china can be divided into three kinds, clastic natural gas reservoir bed, carbonate natural gas reservoir bed and special natural gas reservoir bed. They have different combination patterns controlled by deposition, diagenesis and tectonism. Our analysis indicates that the natural gas reservoirs are mainly distributed in the Precambrian, Palaeozoic, Mesozoic, and Tertiary-Quaternary. Craton basin, foreland basin and intracontinental rift basin which contain most of natural gas in china have special geological features and favorable accumulation conditions, and will be important exploration areas in the future.

关键词： Natural gas clastic reservoir carbonate reservoir gas-bearing basin china

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Limitation of fault-sealing and its control on hydrocarbon accumulation——An example from the Laoyemiao Oilfi eld of the Nanpu Sag

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petroleum Science 2008年第4期5卷 295-301页

作者： Jiang Zhenxue Dong Yuexia Li Hongyi Liu Luofu Liu Guangdi Li Xiaoying Basin and Reservoir Research Center China University of Petroleum Beijing 102249 China state key {2. of petroleum resources and prospecting China University of Petroleum Beijing 102249 China Research Institute of Exploration and Development Jidong Oilfield PetroChina Tangshan Hebei 063004 China School of resources and Information Technology China University of Petroleum Beijing 102249 China

Based on previous studies on the internal structures of fault belts, the fault belts in the Laoyemiao Oilfield of the Nanpu Sag can be divided into three units, a crushed zone, an upper induced fracture zone and a lower induced fracture zone according to the log response characteristics. The upper induced fracture zone is characterized by the development of pervasive fractures and has a poor sealing or non-sealing capability. It therefore can act as pathways for hydrocarbon migration. The lower induced fracture zone consists of fewer fractures and has limited sealing capability. The crushed zone has a good sealing capability comparable to mudstone and can thus prevent lateral migration of fluid. Through physical modeling and comparing laboratory data with calculated data of oil column heights of traps sealed by faults, it is concluded that the fault-sealing capability for oil and gas is limited. When the oil column height reaches a threshold, oil will spill over from the top of reservoir along the lower induced fracture zone under the action of buoyancy, and the size of reservoir will remain unchanged. Analysis of the formation mechanisms of the fault-sealed reservoirs in the Nanpu Sag indicated that the charging sequence of oil and gas in the reservoir was from lower formation to upper formation, with the fault playing an important role in oil and gas accumulation. The hydrocarbon potential in reverse fault-sealed traps is much better than that in the consequent fault-sealed traps. The reverse fault-sealed traps are favorable and preferred exploration targets.

关键词： Limitation of fault-sealing fault belt oil column height hydrocarbon accumulation Nanpu Sag

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Differential retardation of organic matter maturation by overpressure

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Science china Earth Sciences 2004年第9期47卷 783-793页

作者： HAO Fang1,2. JIANG Jianqun1, ZOU Huayao1, FANG Yong1 & ZENG Zhiping2.1. key Lab for Hydrocarbon Accumulation Mechanism in the Ministry of Education, petroleum University, {2., china 2. Department of petroleum Geology, china University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, china key Lab for Hydrocarbon Accumulation Mechanism in the Ministry of Education Petroleum University Beijing 102249 China Department of petroleum Geology China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China

The thermal evolution of organic matter (OM) is composed of a series of reactions that are paralell and successive with each other. Different reactions have different activation energy, different rates of product concentration variation, and different volume expansion effects, and therefore have different responses to overpressure, which determines the differential retardation of different OM maturation reactions and maturity parameters. Based upon comprehensive studies on the OM maturation in different pressure systems in the Yinggehai, Qiongdongnan and Bohai Bay basins, 4 hierarchies of overpressure retardation have been recognized. (1) OM maturation in all aspects has been retarded by overpressure. (2. The thermal evolution of hydrocarbons and thermal degradation of hydrogen-rich kerogens has been retarded, but the thermal evolution of hydrogen-poor kerogen components has not been affected by overpressure. As a result, vitrinite reflectance has not been retarded. (3) The thermal cracking of hydrocarbons has been retarded, yet overpressure has had little or no effect on thermal degradation of kerogens. (4) Overpressure has no detectable effect on all aspects of OM maturation. The hierarchy that overpressure has retarded all aspects of OM maturation is the combined result of early overpressure (overpressure began to develop when the source rock was still immature) and the protracted maintenances of closed fluid system. Any case that overpressure had developed too late, or overpressure was too small to reach the threshold values, or overpressured fluid had been frequently released, could give rise to the occurrence of state 4 that overpressure had no detectable effect on all aspects of OM maturation. It seems that in many basins, overpressure retardation of hierarchies 2.and 3 developed where the most commonly used maturity parameter, vitrinite reflectance, had not been affected. In theses cases, multiple parameters must be used to distinguish overpressure retardati

关键词： overpressure, organic matter maturation, hydrocarbon generation, differential retardation.

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Cloning and sequencing of nifBHDKENX genes of Paenibacillus massiliensis T7 and its nif promoter analysis

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Science china(Life Sciences) 2006年第2期49卷 115-122页

作者： ZHAO Hongxin1,2.3, XIE Baoen2.& CHEN Sanfeng1,2.1. state key {2. for Agrobiotechnology and Biological School, china Agricultural University, beijing 100094, china 2. key {2. for Agro-Microbial resource and Application of Agriculture Ministry, china Agricultural University, beijing 100094, china 3. Chemical and Biological School, ShenYang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, china 1. state key {2. for Agrobiotechnology and Biological School China Agricultural University Beijing 100094 China 2. key laboratory for Agro-Microbial {2. and Application of Agriculture Ministry China Agricultural University Beijing 100094 China 3. Chemical and Biological School ShenYang Normal University Shenyang 110034 China

A 32. bp of nifH fragment was PCR amplified from Paenibacillus massiliensis T7 using the universal degenerate primers. The PCR-amplified nifH fragment was labeled with DIG; then used as a probe in Southern blot analysis. Southern blot result showed that there were two positive signals, indicating that there might be two copies of nifH in P. massiliensis T7. A total of 102.4 bp DNA sequence containing purD; nifBHDKENX was obtained by five rounds of inverse-PCR amplification. The predicted proteins of nifBHDKENX had high homology with those from other nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Only one putative σ[54]-dependent promoter sequence was detected upstream of the nifB gene; nifBHDKENX were likely to be organized in one operon. Assays of β-galactosidase activity of P. massiliensis T7PB carrying a nifB-lacZ fusion under different concentrations of NH4 [+]; O2.showed that the expression of nifB-lacZ was strongly inhibited by O2.

关键词： Paenibacillus massiliensis T7, nifBHDKENX, nifB-lacZ, inverse-PCR.

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