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Study on Water Consumption Coefficient of People's Living and Its regional Disparity in the North of China

Chinese Journal of Population,Resources and Environment 2005年第2期3卷 20-26页

作者： Wang Jing’ai 1-3. Mao Rui 3.4, Yang Mingchuan 3.4 & Zhou Junju 11 College of geography & Remote Sensing 2.key laboratory of {3. geography of Beijing normal university 3.key laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster of Ministry of Education of China 4 College of Resources Science & Technology, Beijing normal university, Beijing 100875, China College of geography and Remote Sensing Beijing 100048 China key laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster of Ministry of Education of China Beijing 100048 China College of Resources Science and Technology Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China

By employing the information-reshufflingmethod that integrates census data, precipitation dataand inquiry data of water consumption, this paperdiscusses 5 (water consumption coefficient of people’sliving) in allusion to different precipitation zones anddifferent periods of time. The study shows that 5-(water consumption coefficient of urban people’sliving), 5. (water consumption coefficient of ruralpeople’s living) and increase with time passing, andthe increasing extent of 5 is 1.84, 2.62, 2.84 and 2.68times respectively from the west to the east, whichresults from the total quantity of water resources andthe speed of urbanization. 5- and 5. of eachprecipitation zone increased with 5- increasing morequickly than 5., and the difference between the twoalso increased when time passed. In the past fifty years(1950-2000), the increasing extent of 5- was 1.71,2.96, 2.41 and 2.3. times respectively from the westto the east, in which 200-400mm precipitation zoneincreased more than others. Meanwhile the increasingextent of 5. is 1.55, 1.60, 1.53.and 1.64 timesrespectively from the west to the east with eachprecipitation zone increasing similarly. The change of5-is due to the speed of urbanization and the stabilityof water resources. This study provides basis forcalculating the water demand of people’s living andrevealing the impact of water demand of people’s livingon ecological drought in different zones.

关键词： The north of China precipitation zone water consumption coefficient of people’s living

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Holocene climate variation denoted by Barkol Lake sediments in northeastern Xinjiang and its possible linkage to the high and low latitude climates

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Science China Earth Sciences 2011年第4期54卷 603-614页

作者： XUE JiBin & ZHONG Wei 1 School of geography,South China normal university,Guangzhou 51063.,China {3. laboratory of Oasis Ecology(Ministry of Education) ,Xinjiang university,Urumqi 83.046,China 3.key laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems(Ministry of Education) ,Lanzhou university,Lanzhou 73.000,China 1. School of geography South China Normal University Guangzhou 510631 China2. Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology (Ministry of Education) Xinjiang University Urumqi 830046 China3. Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education) Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China

The climate over the closed inland Barkol Lake,which is located in northeastern Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,is significantly influenced by westerly winds *** improve our understanding of past climate processes in westerly wind influenced regions in northwestern China,a 250-cm sediment section was retrieved from this *** taking the carbon reservoir effect into consideration,the chronological sequence of this section was reconstructed based on seven conventional radiocarbon dates of bulk samples,and the bottom age of this section was determined to be about 9400 cal a ***-proxy datasets,includingδ18O car,δ13. car of authigenic carbonate,and total organic carbon were examined using wavelet analysis and singular spectrum analysis *** show that the Holocene in the Barkol Lake region can be divided into four stages:(1) a cold and dry early stage before～8000 cal a BP;(2) a moderately warm and wet middle stage between～8000 and 6000 cal a BP;(3. a warm and dry stage,along with a cooling-wetting tendency from 6000 to 2700 cal a BP;and(4) a fluctuating cooling and wet stage between 2700-800 cal a BP,and a drier stage since 800 cal a *** general trend of Holocene climatic changes revealed by Barkol Lake sediments was in agreement with that of adjacent *** infer that climatic changes during the Holocene in the Barkol Lake region were influenced not only by high latitudes,especially the North Atlantic region climate,but also tropical low-latitude processes,such as the El Nio/La Nia-Southern *** study demonstrates that the enhanced activities of ENSO may have played an important role in climatic changes in northeastern Xinjiang during the *** results also suggest that climatic patterns may be temporally different in the northern Xinjiang area in response to the changing predominant control of either the Westerly or the Asian summer monsoon,depending on the contrast of their relative strengths.

关键词： Barkol Lake Holocene climate change tropical processes northern high-latitude climate

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Retrieving crop leaf area index by assimilation of MODIS data into a crop growth model

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Science China Earth Sciences 2010年第5期53卷 721-730页

作者： WANG DongWei1,2,3. WANG JinDi1,2 & LIANG ShunLin4 1 State key laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Jointly Sponsored by Beijing normal {3. and Institute of Remote Sensing Applications, CAS, Beijing 100875, China 2 School of geography, Beijing key laboratory of Environmental Remote Sensing and Digital City, Beijing normal {3., Beijing 100875, China 3.Haihe River Water Conservancy Commission, Tianjin 3.0170, China 4 Department of geography, {3. of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA 1. State key laboratory of Remote Sensing Science Jointly Sponsored by Beijing Normal University and Institute of Remote Sensing Applications CAS Beijing 100875 China2. School of Geography Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Remote Sensing and Digital City Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China3. Haihe River Water Conservancy Commission Tianjin 300170 China4. Department of Geography University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 USA

Leaf area index (LAI) is an important parameter in monitoring crop growth. One of the methods for retrieving LAI from remotely sensed observations is through inversion of canopy reflectance models. Many model inversion methods fail to account for variable LAI values at different crop growth stages. In this research, we use the crop growth model to describe the LAI changes with crop growth, and consider a priori LAI values at different crop growth stages as constraint information. The key approach of this research is to assimilate multiple canopy reflectance values observed at different growth stages and a priori LAI values into a coupled crop growth and radiative transfer model sequentially using a variational data assimilation algorithm. Adjoint method is used to minimize the cost function. Any other information source can be easily incorporated into the inversion cost function. The validation results show that the time series of MODIS canopy reflectance can greatly reduce the uncertainty of the inverted LAI values. Compared with MODIS LAI product at Changping and Shunyi Counties of Beijing, this method has significantly improved the estimated LAI temporal profile.

关键词： inversion leaf area index crop growth model time series MODIS

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Study on NDVI-T_s space by combining LAI and evapotranspiration

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Science China Earth Sciences 2006年第7期49卷 747-754页

作者： HAN Lijuan1,2,3. WANG Pengxin4, YANG Hua1,2,3. LIU Shaomin1,2,3.& WANG Jindi1,2,3.1. Research Center for Remote Sensing and GIS, School of geography, Beijing normal university, Beijing 100875, China 2. State {3. laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Beijing 100875, China 3. Beijing {3. laboratory for Remote Sensing of Environment and Digital Cities, Beijing 100875, China 4. Department of Information Management, College of Information and Electronic Engineering, China Agricultural university, Beijing 100083. China 1. Research Center for Remote Sensing and GIS School of Geography Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China 2. State key laboratory of Remote Sensing Science Beijing 100875 China 3. Beijing key laboratory for Remote Sensing of Environment and Digital Cities Beijing 100875 China 4. Department of Information Management College of Information and Electronic Engineering China Agricultural University Beijing 100083 China

This paper focuses on interpreting the different spatial relationships between NDVI and Ts, a triangular or a trapezoid, and on analyzing transformation conditions, the physical and ecological meanings of the vegetation index-surface temperature space as well. Further, we use the Tempera-ture-Vegetation Dryness Index (TVDI) to explain the existent meaning of a triangular space after NDVI reaches its saturated state by employing the relationships between NDVI, LAI and evapotranspiration. The specific relations between NDVI and Ts are useful for describing, validating and updating land surface models.

关键词： NDVI, land surface temperature, evapotranspiration, leave area index.

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Impact on the Yangtze (Changjiang) Estuary from its drainage basin: Sediment load and discharge

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2001年第S1期46卷 73-80页

作者： CHEN Zhongyuan & ZHAO YiwenState key laboratory for Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China normal {3., Shanghai 200062, China Department of geography, East China normal {3., Shanghai 200062, China 1. State key laboratory for Estuarine and Coastal Research East China Normal University 200062 Shanghai China 2. Department of geography East China Normal University 200062 Shanghai China

This paper focuses on the sediment transport and freshwater discharging from upper Yangtze drainage basin downstream, primarily on the basis of multiyear hy-drological data collected from three major hydrological gauge stations (Yichang, Hankou and Datong). Data indicate highest sediment load in Yichang (5.6×108 t/a), lowest in Hankou (5.1×108t) and second highest in Datong (5.4×108 t). This fluctuations are identical with what has been observed from the annual flood season. About one thirds of the sediment load are trapped in the middle Yangtze River course, where meandering river pattern prevails; rest of them are directly transported to the river mouth area via lower Yangtze River channel, where the river is typically confined by the exposed base rock and almost none is being trapped, instead, minor being drained to the mainstream from the local tributaries. To recognize this sediment delivery and river flow media is vital, because it can highlight morphologic/topographic correlation between the

关键词： sediment load discharge estuarine impact the Yangtze River.

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Multiple time scale evaluation of the energy balance during the maize growing season,and a new reason for energy imbalance

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Science China Earth Sciences 2009年第1期52卷 108-117页

作者： GUO JianXia1,2,BIAN LinGen3.& DAI YongJiu2 1 Meteorological Observation Center of China Meteorological Administration,Beijing 100081,China 2 State key laboratory of Remote Sensing Science,School of geography and Remote Sensing Science,Beijing {3. university,Beijing 100875,China 3.Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences,Beijing 100081,China Meteorological Observation Center of China Meteorological Administration Beijing 100081 China State key laboratory of Remote Sensing Science School of Geography and Remote Sensing Science Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China

Energy imbalance is a common problem associated with the measurement of surface energy using the eddy covariance *** the evaluation of the energy balance,people usually pay more attention to the statistical result that the effective energy(the sum of sensible and latent heat) is systematically lower than the available energy(the difference of net radiation and ground heat flux).However,little attention has been paid to the existence of the reversed situation when the effective energy is larger than the available energy or their contribution to the overall energy closure *** this paper,based on the analysis of the energy balance on multiple time scales across the maize growth season,we conclude that the non-synchronization of energy components is the main reason for the existence of the reversed *** shifting the phase of the effective energy components half an hour ahead,the rates of energy closure over all time scales are improved and dramatically reduce the number of the half-hourly samples when the energy ratio exceeds 1 or is below *** to the characteristics of the energy distribution and transformation over multiple time scales,latent heat is always the main type of energy cost,and the residual of the energy balance increases with the growth of the maize plant surpassing the sensible heat for seventy *** is suggested that the heat storage and photosynthetic energy play an important role in the energy balance during the growing period of maize.

关键词： maize energy balance multiple time scale energy hysteresis

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Effective solutions to a global 3. visual system in networking environments

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Science China Earth Sciences 2005年第11期48卷 2032-2039页

作者： ZHANG Liqiang1,2, ZHANG Yan3. YANG Chongjun2, LIU Suhong1, REN Yingchao2, RUI Xiaoping2 & LIU Donglin2 1. State key laboratory of Remote Sensing Sciences, School of geography and Remote Sensing, Beijing {3. university, Beijing 100875, China 2. State key laboratory of Remote Sensing Sciences, Institute of Remote Sensing Applications, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101001, China 3. Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101001, China 1. State key laboratory of Remote Sensing Sciences School of Geography and Remote Sensing Beijing Normal University 100875 Beijing China 2. Chinese Academy of Sciences State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing SciencesInstitute of Remote Sensing Applications 101001 Beijing China 3. Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences 101001 Beijing China

The development of Web-based global 3. visual system has made progresses. However, there exist few mature and effective ways for managing, transmitting and visualizing massive spatial data. Based on the related work, the paper illustrates the ellipsoidal quadtree technique for rapid access multi-scale and multiple level geographical data, integrates the streaming with level-of-detail rendering method for transmitting the data on the network, and im-plements large-scale terrain surface simplification using M-band wavelet transforms and mul-tiresolution triangulations. We fulfil a web-based global terrain visual system using COM com-ponents on the basis of the above techniques. The system has a good prospect in the military simulation and city plans.

关键词： massive spatial data, streaming transmission, system architecture, M-band wavelet

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Improvement of a 3. radar backscattering model using matrix-doubling method

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Science China Earth Sciences 2010年第7期53卷 1029-1035页

作者： NI WenJian1,2, GUO ZhiFeng1 & SUN GuoQing3.1 State key laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, jointly sponsored by the Institute of Remote Sensing Applications of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Beijing normal {3., Beijing 100101, China 2 Graduate {3. of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China 3.Department of geography, {3. of Maryland, College Park, MD 27042, USA 1. State key laboratory of Remote Sensing Science jointly sponsored by the Institute of Remote Sensing Applications of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Beijing Normal University Beijing 100101 China2. Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China3. Department of Geography University of Maryland College Park MD 27042 USA

Radiative transfer models have been widely used to simulate the radar backscattering from forested areas. A three-dimensional radar backscatter model of forest canopy developed in previous studies takes full account of spatial position of trees in a forest stand, and the interactions among crown, trunk and ground surface. The model predicted well for the co-polarized backscatter measurements, but underestimated the backscattering for cross-polarization, primarily because only the first-order scattering within tree crowns was considered in the model. The backscattering at cross-polarization depends strongly on multiple scatter- ing within tree crowns. To produce good estimations for cross-polarized component, the matrix-doubling method is employed here to compute multiple-scattering within the crown. The modified model is compared with the original model, and the field forest measurements and AIRSAR data are used for validation of the modified model. The cross-polarization backscattering is improved in different degrees for different crown structures and at different bands.

关键词： remote sensing forestry electromagnetic propagation radar backscattering model matrix-doubling

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Miocene Bahean stratigraphy in the Longzhong Basin, northern central China and its implications in environmental change

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Science China Earth Sciences 2006年第12期49卷 1270-1279页

作者： LI Jijun1,2, ZHANG Jun1, SONG Chunhui1, ZHAO Zhijun2, ZHANG Yong1, WANG Xiuxi 1, ZHANG Jianming1 & CUI Qiaoyu1 1. key laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education) & College of Earth and Environment Sciences, Lanzhou university, Lanzhou 73.000, China 2. Jiangsu key laboratory of Environmental Change and Ecological Construction & College of geography, Nanjing normal university, Nanjing 210097, China 1. key laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education) & College of Earth and Environment Sciences Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China 2. Jiangsu key laboratory of Environmental Change and Ecological Construction & College of geography Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210097 China

Fossil mammal-riched Neogene strata are widely distributed in the southeast corner of the huge Longzhong Basin at Tianshui, Gansu Province, northern central China. Hipparion weihoense, a typical member of late Middle Miocene Bahean stage, was recently excavated at Yaodian along a well-exposed outcrop. Owing to the importance of the Bahean stage in the mammalian evolution and its potential for environmental change, we suggested a name of Yaodian Formation for the stratigra- phy, which is correlated to the Bahe Formation at Lantian, Shaanxi. High resolution paleomagnetic dating of the section shows that the Yaodian Formation covers the period between 11.67 Ma and 7.43.Ma, with the site bearing Hipparion weihoense being estimated at about 10.54―10.3. Ma, providing first magnetostratigraphic chronology for the Bahean Stage. The Yaodian Formation consists of fluvial channel deposits (11.67―10.40 Ma) at the bottom, floodplain deposits in the middle (10.40―9.23.Ma) and shallow lake sediments at the top (9.23.7.43.Ma). This upward fining sequence suggests that the relief in nearby mountain ranges such as West Qinling to the south and Huajia Ling to the north was greatly reduced after long-term denudation, fluvial transport capacity was low, and finally the drainage system was disintegrated, replaced with broad-shallow lakes in which only fine sediments like mud and marlite were deposited, indicating an old stage of development of a planation surface. A remarkable shift in ecology and climatic environment was found at 7.4―7.7 Ma when paleoclimate changed from early warm humid to late dry as indicated by sedimentary facies changed from early shallow lake sequence to late eolian red clays and a former coniferous-deciduous mixed forest was replaced by grassland, leading to great growth of Hipparion Fauna of Baodean stage in the region. Therefore, it is estimated that the present high relief of Qinling and drainage pattern did not come into being until Late Pliocene in response

关键词： Bahean stage,magnetostratigraphy,Yaodian Formation,Neogene,Longzhong Basin.

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A preliminary knowledge-driven prediction model of snail distribution in the Poyang Lake region

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2008年第1期53卷 115-123页

作者： ZHAO An1,2,3.& BAO ShuMing1 1 The key Lab of Poyang Lake Ecological Environment and Resource Development, Jiangxi normal university, Nanchang 3.0022, China 2 Institute of Geographic Sciences and Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China 3.School of {3. and Environmental Sciences, Jiangxi normal university, Nanchang 3.0022, China The key Lab of Poyang Lake Ecological Environment and Resource Development Jiangxi Normal University Nanchang China Institute of Geographic Sciences and Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China School of geography and Environmental Sciences Jiangxi Normal University Nanchang China

Present monitoring and prediction of schistosomiasis’s intermediate parasite, snail, are based on re-mote sensing image’s spectral signatures, and the calculation result is in fact an incom-plete-constraints solution. TM image of the Poyang Lake region on October 3., 2005 was combined with GIS thematic data (DEM, boundary of the Poyang Lake, vegetation, soil and land use) to make a prediction on snail spatial distribution in the region by remote sensing, geo-informatics and knowl-edge-driven modeling according to mechanism of snail occurrence. Result shows that with change of overall fuzzy membership of snail occurrence from high to low, snail occurrence of the snail samples of validation group goes up to 81% within 10% high fuzzy membership range, denoting high efficiency of the model in predicting snail occurrence.

关键词：鄱阳湖区域蜗牛分布模糊分类血吸虫病

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