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Ionization state of cosmic hydrogen by early stars and quasars

Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics 2009年第6期9卷 665-681页

作者： Xiao-Chun Mao1,2 1 National Astronomical Observatories, chinese academy of sciences, beijing 100012, china 2 Graduate University of chinese academy of sciences, beijing 100049, china National Astronomical Observatories Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100012 China Graduate University of chinese academy of sciences Beijing 100049 China

Cosmic hydrogen is reionized and maintained in its highly ionized state by the ultraviolet emission attributed to an early generation of stars and quasars. The Lyα opacity observed in absorption spectra of high-redshift quasars permits more stringent constraints on the ionization state of cosmic hydrogen. Based on density perturbation and structure formation theory, we develop an analytic model to trace the evolution of the ionization state in the post-overlap epoch of reionization, in which the bias factor is taken into account. For quasars, we represent an improved luminosity function by utilizing a hybrid approach for the halo formation rate that is in reasonable agreement with the published measurements at 2 ≤ z ≤ 6. Comparison with the classic Press-Schechter mass function of dark matter halos, we demonstrate that the biased mass distribution indeed enhances star formation efficiency in the overdense environment by more than 25 per cent following the overlap of ionized bubbles. In addition, an alternative way is introduced to derive robust estimates of the mean free path for ionizing photons. In our model, star-forming galaxies are likely to dominate the ionizing background radiation beyond z = 3, and quasars contribute equally above a redshift of z ～ 2.5. From 5 ≤ z ≤ 6, the lack of evolution in photoionization rate can thus be explained by the relatively flat evolution in star formation efficiency, although the mean free path of ionizing photons increases rapidly. Moreover, in the redshift interval z ～ 2 - 6, the expected mean free path and Gunn-Peterson optical depth obviously evolve by a factor of ～ 500 and ～50 respectively. We find that the relative values of critical overdensities for hydrogen ionization and collapse could be 430% at z ≈2 and 2% at z ≈6, suggesting a rapid overlap process in the overdense regions around instant quasars following reionization. We further illustrate that the absolute estimates of the fraction of neutral hydrogen computed fr

关键词： cosmology theory -- formation galaxies -- quasars general -- diffuse radiation -- intergalactic medium

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On the contact width in generalized plain strain JKR model for isotropic solids

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Acta Mechanica Sinica 2009年第4期25卷 491-497页

作者： Cong Yan Shaohua Chen LNM, institute of Mechanics, chinese academy of sciences,100190 beijing. china LNM Institute of Mechanics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China

Adhesive contact model between an elastic cylinder and an elastic half space is studied in the present paper, in which an external pulling force is acted on the above cylinder with an arbitrary direction and the contact width is assumed to be asymmetric with respect to the structure. Solutions to the asymmetric model are obtained and the effect of the asymmetric contact width on the whole pulling process is mainly discussed. It is found that the smaller the absolute value of Dundurs＇ parameter 13 or the larger the pulling angle O, the more reasonable the symmetric model would be to approximate the asymmetric one.

关键词： Contact mechanics Generalized JKRmodel Asymmetric contact width Oscillatory solution Non-oscillatory solution

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Study on electrothermally actuated cantilever array for nanolithography

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Science china(Technological sciences) 2010年第5期53卷 1184-1189页

作者： FU JianYu,CHEN DaPeng & YE TianChun Integrated Circuit Advanced process Center,institute of Microelectronics,chinese academy of sciences,beijing 100029,china Integrated Circuit Advanced process Center Institute of Microelectronics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China

Nanolithography is a patterning technique for the fabrication of nano-scale structures.A promising method of nanolithography known as scanning probe lithography has particularly extensive applications for its high resolution,high reliability,and simple *** this paper,a novel electrothermally actuated cantilever with integrated heater,thermal conductor and actuator for scanning probe lithography is *** are designed in an 8×4 *** models are presented to simulate the temperature distribution,deflection and thermal crosstalk of the cantilever *** structure is successfully *** is demonstrated that this structure can produce a tip deflection of 16.9 μm at an actuation current of 5.5 mA and the thermal crosstalk between the cantilevers is neglected.

关键词： nanolithography scanning probe lithography electrothermal actuation

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The mechanism of the effects of the upwelling mean on the ENSO event mature phase locking

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Science china Earth sciences 2007年第8期50卷 1266-1272页

作者： YAN BangLiang CMSR, institute of Atmospheric Physics, chinese academy of sciences, beijing 100029, china CMSR Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China

The mechanism of the effects of the upwelling mean on the ENSO event mature phase locking is ex-amined by using a mixed-mode model. The results show that the positive feedback process of the ef-fects of the seasonal variation of the upwelling mean on the Kelvin wave is the mechanism of the locking of the event mature phase to the end of the calendar year. The memory of the Rossby waves for the sign-shifting of the sea surface temperature anomaly from positive to negative 6 months before the cold peak time is the other mechanism of the locking of the La Nia event mature phase to the end of the calendar year. The results here are different from previous ones which suggest that the balance between cold and warm trends of sea surface temperature anomaly is the mechanism involved. The cold trend is caused by the upwelling Kelvin wave from upwelling Rossby wave reflected at the western boundary, excited by the westerly anomaly stress over the central Pacific and amplified by the seasonal variation of the coupled strength in its way propagating westward. The warm trend is caused by the Kelvin wave forced by the western wind stress over the middle and eastern equatorial Pacific. The cause of the differences is due to the opposite phase of the seasonal variation of the upwelling mean to that in the observation and an improper parameterization scheme for the effects of the seasonal varia-tion of the upwelling mean on the ENSO cycle in previous studies.

关键词： Kelvin wave Rossby wave interaction between atmosphere and sea positive feedback

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CH_4 uptake flux of Leymus chinensis steppe during rapid growth season in Inner Mongolia,china

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Science china Earth sciences 2010年第7期53卷 977-983页

作者： GENG YuanBo1, LUO GuangQiang1,2 & YUAN GuoFu1 1 institute of Geographic sciences and Natural Resources Research, chinese academy of sciences, beijing 100101, china 2 Graduate University of chinese academy of sciences, beijing 100049, china institute of Geographic sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Graduate University of chinese academy of sciences Beijing China

The influence of near ground atmosphere CH4 concentration, soil water content, soil Eh, plants, soil temperature, and pH on CH4 uptake flux of Leymus chinensis steppe during rapid growth season was studied using field in-situ measurement in Xilin River basin of Inner Mongolia, china. The results showed that CH4 uptake flux was positively correlated with near ground atmosphere CH4 concentration and soil Eh but negatively correlated with soil water content. Precipitation may decrease the CH4 flux by increasing the soil water content. The average fluxes of three treatments during the observation period were 1.52 (natural conditions, 1.51 (aboveground plants were excluded), and 2.00 mg m?2 d?1 (all plants were removed), respectively. The difference between the CH4 flux of natural condition treatment and that of removing aboveground plants treatment is small, whereas the flux of removing all plants treatment is larger than the other two treatments. This means that the contribution of aboveground plants to CH4 uptake flux is smaller than that of roots or roots-removing process. CH4 uptake flux is not sensitive to soil temperature and the narrow-ranged soil pH (6.36–7.86). The Leymus chinensis steppe acts as a sink for CH4, and thus more studies should be focused on its affecting factors and related mechanisms.

关键词： CH4 uptake flux Leymus chinensis steppe affecting factors static opaque chamber/gas chromatography method

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Effects of the grain size distribution on the temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibility of magnetite nanoparticles

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Science china Earth sciences 2010年第7期53卷 1071-1078页

作者： ZHAO XiangYu1,2 & LIU QingSong1 1 Paleomagnetism and Geochronology Laboratory (SKL-LE), institute of Geology and Geophysics, chinese academy of sciences, beijing 100029, china 2 Graduate University of chinese academy of sciences, beijing 100049, china Paleomagnetism and Geochronology Laboratory (SKL-LE) Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Graduate University of chinese academy of sciences Beijing China

Magnetite is an important magnetic remanence carrier in natural samples and therefore is of great interest in paleo-, rock-, and environmental magnetism. The magnetic properties of magnetite depend on many factors, e.g., concentration and grain size distribution (GSD). In this study, we theoretically investigated the temperature-dependent susceptibility (TDS) of magnetite nanoparticles with a lognormal GSD. Results show that the TDS is affected highly by the GSD mainly in three aspects. Firstly, the unblocking process becomes smoother with the increase of distribution width, characterizing as a wider Hopkinson peak on the TDS curve. Secondly, the blocking temperature increases with the increase of the median diameter or/and the distribution width. Thirdly, the maximum susceptibility decreases with the increase of distribution width, and has a logarithmic function relation with the standard deviation of the distribution. As a case study, this model was further applied to the thermal products of the chinese loess/paleosol samples to determine the granulometry of newly-formed magnetite upon heating based on TDS curves. The results demonstrate the fidelity and feasibility of this method to determine the GSD of nano-sized magnetic particles.

关键词： Néel theory temperature dependence of susceptibility grain size distribution

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Surface Modification of a-Fe Metal Particles by Chemical Surface Coating

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Journal of Materials Science & Technology 2003年第2期19卷 155-157页

作者： Qixiang WANG, Baozhen SONG and Hongzhong LIinstitute of process engineering, chinese academy of sciences, beijing 100080, china

The structure of a-Fe metal magnetic recording particles coated with silane coupling agents have been studied by TEM, FT-IR, EXAFS, Mossbauer. The results show that a close, uniform, firm and ultra thin layer, which is beneficial to the magnetic and chemical stability, has been formed by the cross-linked chemical bond Si-O-Si. And the organic molecule has chemically bonded to the particle surface, which has greatly affected the surface Fe atom electronic structure. Furthermore, the covalent bond between metal particle surface and organic molecule has obvious effect on the near edge structure of the surface Fe atoms.

关键词： Magnetic recording particles a-Fe EXAFS Mossbauer Chemical surface coating

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Nonlinear interactions between gravity waves and background winds

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Progress in Natural Science:Materials International 2007年第6期17卷 639-644页

作者： Liu Xiao1,2 and Xu Jiyao1(1. State Key Laboratory for Space Weather, Center for Space Science and Applied Research, chinese academy of sciences, beijing 100080, china 2. Graduate University of chinese academy of sciences, beijing 100039, china) State Key Laboratory for Space Weather Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100080 China Center for Space Science and Applied Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100080 China Graduate University Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100039 China

Using the nonlinear propagating gravity waves (GW) model in the two-dimensional compressible atmosphere and the linear GW theory, the process of GW propagation in different background winds, e.g. the direction of the background wind is opposite to (dead wind) or the same as (tail wind) the direction of the horizontal phase velocity of GW, is studied. The results show that the dead wind prolongs the vertical wavelength and accelerates GW propagation. Therefore, GW propagates up to a higher height becomes instable in a short time and eventually induces an inverse jet flow. Then, the vertical wavelength is becoming short due to the nonlinear interactions between GW and the inverse jet flow. The vertical wavelength and group velocity decrease after GW propagates into the tail wind. The initial instable time is delayed. Although most of GW is trapped in the instable region, some of GW propagates above the instable region. Compared with GW propagation in the tail wind, the nonlinear interactions between GW and the dead wind are also strong. In contrast, the linear GW theory predicts that GW can propagate freely in the dead wind. The vertical wavelength simulated by the nonlinear numerical model is different from that predicted by the linear theory greatly after GW propagates into the dead wind.

关键词： gravity waves background winds vertical group velocity vertical wavelength nonlinear interactions.

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Preparation and Characterization of Co_(0.3)Cr_(0.7)O_x Particles Using for Thermal Radiation Coating

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稀有金属材料与工程 2012年第S1期41卷 100-103页

作者： Luo Lijie1,2,Huang Chuanbing1,Zhu Yongping1,Zhang Weigang1 1 State Key Laboratory of Multi-phase Complex Systems,institute of process engineering,chinese academy of sciences,beijing 100190,china 2 Graduate University of chinese academy of sciences,beijing 100049,china chinese Acad Sci Inst Proc Engn State Key Lab Multiphase Complex Syst Beijing 100190 Peoples R China chinese Acad Sci Grad Univ Beijing 100049 Peoples R China

Novel Co0.3Cr0.7Ox(x=2-3)particles with spinel structure were synthesized via precipitation method through the reactions among CoSO4,Cr(NO3)3 and NaOH solutions,followed by spray-drying and sintering at 1200 ℃for 4h in the *** particles were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).The XRD results revealed that the particles are composed of Co0.3Cr0.7Ox phase without the presence of other *** SEM observation showed that the particles are in the shape of sphere with well *** radiation test indicated that the total infrared normal emissivity of the coating made of Co0.3Cr0.7Ox can be up to 0.92 at 800℃.And the normal emissivities of the prepared Co0.3Cr0.7Ox particles are always slightly larger than those of CoCr2O4 particles prepared by solid-state reaction method in the test temperature range of 50-300℃.The relatively high thermal emissivity of Co0.3Cr0.7Ox is assumed to be mainly attributed to the spinel *** results indicated that Co0.3Cr0.7Ox particles are a good thermal radiation material,which can be used as infrared radiation layer in thermal protection system.

关键词： Co0.3Cr0.7Ox particles preparation precipitation thermal radiation coating

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The Real-gas Effect in Single-bubble Sonoluminescence

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Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation 1999年第1期4卷 29-34页

作者： Li YUAN (LSEC, institute of Computational Mathematics and Scientific-engineering Computing, chinese academy of sciences, beijing 100080, china) Wei WEI (Center for Nonlinear sciences, University of Science and Technology of china, Hefei 230026,china) LSEC Inst. Compl. Math./Sci.-Eng. Comp. Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100080 China Center for Nonlinear sciences Univ. of Sci. and Technol. of China Hefei 230026 China Department of Physics Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin Hong Kong

The full set of hydrodynamic equations governing the oscillation of a bubble is solved numerically by using a modified equation of state with ionization. We show that the hydro-thermal process in the form of compression waves and low-level ionization are dominant inside a sonoluminescing bubble for a wide range of driving pressure. The resulting thermal bremsstrahlung radiation has pulse heights and widths that agree with experimental data for cases considered in this paper.

关键词： single-bubble sonoluminescence ionization bremsstrahlung

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