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Effect of Altitude and Latitude on Surface Air Temperature across the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Journal of Mountain Science 2011年第6期8卷 808-816页

作者： WANG Keli SUN Jia CHENG Guodong JIANG Hao cold and arid {2. environmental and engineering research institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 73oooo China National Natural Science Foundation of china Beijing 100085 China Graduate University of chinese Academy of sciences Beijing ~ooo49 China

The correlation between mean surface air temperature and altitude is analyzed in this paper based on the annual and monthly mean surface air temperature data from 106 weather stations over the period 1961-2.03 across the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The results show that temperature variations not only depend on altitude but also latitude, and there is a gradual decrease in temperature with the increasing altitude and latitude. The overall trend for the vertical temperature lapse rate for the whole plateau is approximately linear. Three methods, namely multivariate composite analysis, simple correlation and traditional stepwise regression, were applied to analyze these three correlations. The results assessed with the first method are well matched to those with the latter two methods. The apparent mean annual near-surface lapse rate is -4.8 ℃ /km and the latitudinal effect is -0.87 ℃ /°latitude. In summer, the altitude influences the temperature variations more significantly with a July lapse rate of -4.3℃/km and the effect of latitude is only -0.2.℃ /°latitude. In winter, the reverse happens. The temperature decrease is mainly due to the increase in latitude. The mean January lapse rate is -5.0℃/km, while the effect of latitude is -1.51℃ /°latitude. Comparative analysis for pairs of adjacent stations shows that at a small spatial scale the difference in altitude is the dominant factor affecting differences in mean annual near-surface air temperature, aided to some extent bydifferences of latitude. In contrast, the lapse rate in a small area is greater than the overall mean value for the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau （5 to 13℃ /km）. An increasing trend has been detected for the surface lapse rate with increases in altitude. The temperature difference has obvious seasonal variations, and the trends for the southern group of stations （south of 33 o latitude） and for the more northerly group are opposite, mainly because of the differences in seasonal variation at low altitudes. For

关键词： Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Surface airtemperature Vertical lapse rate Altitude Latitude

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A 2.0-a record of atmospheric circulation over the North Pacific from a Mt. Logan ice core, Yukon Territory

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2005年第4期24卷 81-90页

作者： KANG Shichang MAYEWSKI Paul A YAN Yuping institute of Tibetan Plateau research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100085 China Climate Change institute University of Maine Orono ME 04469 USA Laboratory of Cryosphere and Environment Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 China National Climate Center Beijing 100081 China

Calibrations between sodium （Na^＋） concentrations from a Mt. Logan ice core and sea level pressure （SLP） series show that Na^＋ concentrations are closely correlated with the autumn-time （September-October-November） Aleutian low （AleuLow）. A deepening of the AleuLow strengthens the transport of sea-salt aerosols from the North Pacific to the Mt. Logan region. The Mt. Logan Na^＋ record is used to develop a 2.2.a （1688-1979） reconstruction of the AleuLow revealing a dramatic intensification of atmospheric circulation over the North Pacific region since the 2.th century. Mean SLP of the AleuLow was about 1 hPa lower during the 2.th century than during prior periods. The strongest deepening of the AleuLow appeared in the 1950s. Significant correlations are also found between the Mt. Logan AleuLow proxy series and the Pacific decadal oscillation （PDO） and Pacific circulation （PC） index during the 2.th century. Evolutionary spectral analysis of the proxy record shows significant periodicities from 15 to 30 a consistent with PDO fluctuations and the bidecadal oscillation of North Pacific atmosphere-ocean circulation. A period of 11 a in the AleuLow record may be associated with the Schwabe 11-a cycle of sunspot activity. Additional longer ice core records from this region will aid in the efforts to further understand the climatic change over the North Pacific region.

关键词： atmospheric circulation ice core records North Pacific

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Identification of Ice Elevation Change of the Shuiguan River No.4 Glacier in the Qilian Mountains,china

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Journal of Mountain Science 2010年第4期7卷 375-379页

作者： LI Jing LIU Shiyin SHANGGUAN Donghui ZHANG Yinsong State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric sciences Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 China

GPS measurement,an effective method for surveying glacier surface topography,has been applied in some glaciers for many *** Shuiguan River No.4 glacier,a small glacier with its area of 1.84 km2.in 1972.located in the east of the Qilian Mountains,china,was selected to study its ice elevation change using GPS measurement in *** study was conducted on the ablation area with GPS-measured area 0.5 *** ice elevation change of the glacier was obtained by comparing the DEM obtained by a 1:50 000 topographic map made in 1972.with the DEM by GPS-measured data acquired in *** differences of the two DEMs showed the thinning condition of the glacier was *** mean thinning was 15±8 m with the mean thinning rate of 0.42.0.2. m a-1 for 1972.2.07 in the measurement area,which equaled 0.38±0.2. m yr-1 in water equivalent(w.e.).The prominent thinning occurred on the south part of the glacier,which was the area near the glacier terminus with the maximum thinning of 41±8 *** the thinning value of 15±8 m for the glacier area below 4640 m a.s.l.,the wasting ice mass was calculated to be 6.4±3.2.10-3 km3 for 1972.2.07,corresponding to 5.7±2.8×10-3 km3 w.e.,which meant that the montane runoff released by the glacier was at least 5.7±2.8×106 m3 between 1972.2.07.

关键词： GPS RTK DEM Glacier mass balance Mountane runoff

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Indian monsoon influences altitude effect of δ^(18)O in precipitation/river water on the Tibetan Plateau

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chinese Science Bulletin 2009年第15期54卷 2724-2731页

作者： YAO TanDong1,2. ZHOU Hang1,3 & YANG XiaoXin1,3 1 Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, institute of Tibetan Plateau research, {2. Academy of sciences, Beijing 100085, china 2.State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere sciences, cold and arid regions environmental and engineering research institute, {2. Academy of sciences, lanzhou 730000, china 3 Graduate University of {2. Academy of sciences, Beijing 100049, china Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China State Key Laboratory of Cryosphere sciences Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou China Graduate University of chinese Academy of sciences Beijing China

The δ 18O variation in precipitation acquired from 2. stations within the network of Tibetan Observation and research Platform(TORP)is studied, with the focus on the altitude effect of δ 18O in river water during monsoon precipitation in an effort to understand the monsoon influence on isotopic composition in annual river water. It is found that δ 18O in precipitation on the Plateau is influenced by different moisture sources, with significant Indian monsoon influence on δ 18O composition in plateau precipitation and river water. The δ 18O of water bodies in the monsoon domain is generally more depleted than that in the westerly domain, suggesting gradual rainout of southwesterly borne marine moisture in the course of long-distance transportation and lifting over the Himalayas. The lapse rate of δ 18O in river water with altitude is the largest during monsoon precipitation, due to the increased temperature vertical gradient over the southern Plateau region controlled by monsoon circulation. The combination of δ 18O in river water in monsoon (wet) and non-monsoon (dry) seasons shows a larger lapse rate than that in non-monsoon (dry) season alone. As the altitude effect of δ 18O in precipitation and river water on the Tibetan Plateau results from the combined effect of monsoon moisture supply and westerly moisture supply, the δ 18O composition and its altitude effect on the Plateau during monsoon seasons should be considered in the reconstruction of paleoelevation of the Tibetan Plateau.

关键词：印度季风青藏高原降水

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Meteorological observations on Mount Everest in 2.05

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Progress in Natural Science:Materials International 2007年第7期17卷 828-837页

作者： Xie Aihong~(1**) Qin Dahe~1 Ren Jiawen~1 Qin Xiang~1 Xiao Cunde~(1,2. Hou Shugui~1 Kang Shichang~(1,3) Yang Xingguo~(1,4) Jiang Youyan~1 (1.Key Laboratory of Cryosphere and Environment,cold and arid {2. Environment and engineering research institute,chinese Academy of sciences,lanzhou 730000,china 2.chinese Academy of Meteorological Science,Beijing 100081,china 3.institute of Tibetan Plateau research,chinese Academy of sciences,Beijing 100085,china 4.Gansu Provincial Meteorological Bureau,lanzhou 730000,china) [a]Key Laboratory of Cryosphere and Environment Cold and Arid Regions Environment and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou China [b]chinese Academy of Metoorological Science Beijing China [c]institute of Tibetan Plateau research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China [d]Gansu Provincial Meteorological Bureau Lanzhou China

Mount Everest,the highest point on the Earth is often referred to as the earth's third pole as such the place is relatively inaccessible and little is known about its *** April 2.05,an automatic weather station was installed at the mountain's North Col(652. m a.s.l.).According to the observational 10-minute mean and daily records,the meteorological characteristics were analyzed. All the meteorological elements displayed obvious diurnal variations during May 1 to July 2.,*** monthly variation of daily meteo- rological elements on Mount Everest coincided with that on Dingri,the closest routine meteorological station,with the high correlation co- efficients of 0.92.,0.877,0.682.0.755,0.82. and 0.676(n=83,presearch on meteorology and climate changes in the region.

关键词： Mount Everest meteorological observation Dingri County radiation air temperature relative humidity air pressure wind

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Distribution of Borehole Temperature at Four High-altitude Alpine Glaciers in Central Asia

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Journal of Mountain Science 2009年第3期6卷 221-227页

作者： LIU Yaping HOU Shugui WANG Yetang SONG Linlin State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric sciences Cold andArid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences China Graduate University of chinese Academy of sciences Beijing 100049 China

The distribution of borehole temperature at four high-altitude alpine glaciers was investigated. The result shows that the temperature ranges from -13.4℃ to -1.84℃, indicating the glaciers are cold throughout the boreholes. The negative gradient （i.e., the temperature decreasing with the increasing of depth） due to the advection of ice and climate warming, and the negative gradient moving downwards relates to climate warming, are probably responsible for the observed minimum temperature moving to lower depth in boreholes of the Gyabrag glacier and Miaoergou glacier compared to the previously investigated continental ice core borehole temperature in West china. The borehole temperature at 10m depth ranges from -8.0℃ in the Gyabrag glacier in the central Himalayas to -12.9℃ in the Tsabagarav glacier in the Altai range. The borehole temperature at 10 m depth is 3-4 degrees higher than the calculated mean annual air temperature on the surface of the glaciers and the higher 10 m depth temperature is mainly caused by the production of latent heat due to melt-water percolation and refreezing. The basal temperature is far below the melting point, indicating that the glaciers are frozen to bedrock. The very low temperature gradients near the bedrock suggest that the influence of geothermal flux and ice flow on basal temperature is very weak. The low temperature and small velocity of ice flow of glaciers are beneficial for preservation of the chemical and isotopic information in ice cores.

关键词： Borehole temperature Glacier CentralAsia Climate warming

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Study on ground temperature change and characteristic response of engineering geology of permafrost along Qinghai-Tibet Railway

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Science china(Technological sciences) 2003年第z1期46卷 78-90页

作者： PAN Weidong, WANG Quancai, YU Shaoshui & ZHANG Xiaoyan Department of Mechanics, School of Physical Science and Technology, lanzhou University, lanzhou 730000, {2. institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, chinese Academy of sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Chengdu 610041, {2. State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil engineering, cold and arid regions Environment and engineering {12. institute, chinese Academy of sciences, lanzhou 730000, {2. Sichuan Provincial Communications Department, Chengdu 610041, {2. lanzhou Univ Dept Mech Sch Phys Sci & Technol Lanzhou 730000 Peoples R China chinese Acad Sci Inst Mt Hazards & Environm Chengdu 610041 Peoples R China Minist Water Resources Chengdu 610041 Peoples R China chinese Acad Sci State Key Lab Frozen Soil Engn Cold & Arid Reg Environm & Engn Res Inst Lanzhou 730000 Peoples R China Sichuan Prov Commun Dept Chengdu 610041 Peoples R China

Along with the global warming in the recent scores of years, comparatively big changes have taken place in the weather and other environmental conditions of the permafrost area in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and very big changes have also occurred in the engineering geological conditions of the permafrost area. Based on a large volume of field survey data, this paper discusses the regularities of horizontal and vertical distribution of permafrost, with its focus of analysis on the temperature change characteristics of the soil in different frozen-soil zones, as well as presents simulation analysis and {2. for the engineering geologic characteristic response changes that would occur in the future when the temperature of the frozen soil in different zones rises by 1 and 2.6℃ respectively, which will have a tremendous impact on the stability of constructional work.

关键词： Qinghai-Tibet Railway, permafrost, ground temperature, engineering geological characteristic.

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Effects of water treatments on the activation of soil seed banks——A case study on the lower reaches of the Tarim River

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Progress in Natural Science:Materials International 2009年第6期19卷 733-740页

作者： Zengru Wanga,b, Hailiang Xua, Linke Yin a, Jimei Lia, Zhanjiang Zhangc, Yuan Lia a cold and arid {2. Environment and engineering research institute, chinese Academy of sciences, lanzhou 730000, china b Xinjiang institute of Ecology and Geography, chinese Academy of sciences, Urumqi 830011, china c Xinjiang Agricultural University, Nanchang Road, Urumqi 830052. china [a]cold and arid {2. Environment and engineering research institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 China [b]Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography Chinese Academy of Sciences Urumqi 830011 China [c]Xinjiang Agricultural University Nanchang Road Urumqi 830052 China

Evaluation of seedling emergence is a common method used to investigate the vegetation restoration potential of soil seed banks. Previous studies have primarily been conducted in the laboratory using a single water treatment. However, when this method is used, it is dificult to optimize the water conditions for the needs of the individual species of seeds. Additionally, the germination conditions for seedlings in the laboratory are different from those in nature. To avoid these issues, we conducted experiments to activate soil seed banks in the field using different water treatments. The results revealed that: (1) generally, the number of species and quantity of seedlings decrease gradually as the water supply decreases, but that for several species most seedlings did not appear when they were provided with the greatest amount of water, and (2. different species present different germination characteristics. According to the rate of seedling emergence, the species were classified into two germination types: fast and slow. In addition, each species also had a unique climax period of emergence, which was delayed with a decrease in water supply. Therefore, the amount of water provided is vital to seedling emergence, and various water treatments should be evaluated when studying the characteristics of different species in soil seed banks. For the lower reaches of the Tarim River, the optimal soil moisture for seedling emergence ranged from 2.% to 2.%, and seedling conservation should be strengthened during the climax period of emergence (9-15 days from the day when water became available). These results highlight the importance of the use of an optimal water treatment and demonstrate the danger of using a single treatment method. Our results also emphasize the need for a preliminary study prior to conducting studies to evaluate seed banks.

关键词： Soil seed banks Water treatment Activation Potential for vegetation restoration Lower reaches of the Tarim River

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STUDY ON TREND PREDICTION AND VARIATION ONTHE FLOW INTO THE LONGYANGXIA RESERVOIR

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chinese Geographical Science 2001年第1期11卷 35-41页

作者： LAN Yong-chao, KANG Er-si, MA Quan-jie, ZHANG Ji-shi (cold and arid {2. Environment and engineering research institute, the chinese Academy of sciences, lanzhou 730000, P. R. china lanzhou Administrative Office of Hydrology and Water Resources of t cold and arid {2. Environment and engineering research institute the Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou P.R. China lanzhou Administrative Office of Hydrology and Water Resources of the Upper Reaches of the Huanghe River Lanzhou P. R. China

The Longyangxia Gorge Key Water Control System is the first of the stairstep power sations along the Longyangxi-a-Qingtongxia river section. It has been playing an very important role in providing power, protecting flood and ice run supplying and irrigation etc. in the northwestern china. Therefore, the study on trend prediction, variation on the flow into the Longyangxia Reservoir are of the great social and economic benefits. In the medium-and-long-range runoff forecast, all kinds of regression equation are often used for predicting future hydrologic regime. However, these regression models aren’t appropriate to super long -range runoff forecast because of the restricting on weather data and so on. So a new super long-range runoff forecast model don’t depend on Reai-time weather data and called “Period correcting for residual error series GM (1, 1) model” is presented based on analyzing for the relational hydrologic data and the variation on the flow into the Longyangxia Reservoir, and the forecast model was applied successfully to predict the recent and super long -term trends of the flow into the Longyangxia Reservoir. The results indicate that the annual flow into the Longyangxia Reservoir is in the ending minimum period of the runoff history. The runoff increasing is expected in for the coming years.

关键词： flow variation trend prediction residual error series Longyangxia Reservoir

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Identification and Evolution of Groundwater Chemistry in the Ejin Sub-Basin of the Heihe River, Northwest china

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Pedosphere 2007年第3期17卷 331-342页

作者： SU Yong-Hong FENG Qi ZHU Gao-Feng SI Jian-Hua ZHANG Yan-Wu cold and arid {2. environmental and engineering research institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou730000 （China） School of Mathematics and Statistics Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 （China）

Hydro-chemical characteristics of groundwater and their changes as affected by human activities were studied in the Ejin Sub-Basin of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, china, to understand the groundwater evolution, to identify the predominant geochemical processes taking place along the horizontal groundwater flow path, and to characterize anthropogenic factors affecting the groundwater environment based on previous data. The concentrations of major ions and total dissolved solids （TDS） in the groundwater showed a great variation, with 62.5% of the samples being brackish （TDS ≥ 1 000 mg L^-l）. The groundwater system showed a gradual hydro-chemical zonation composed of Na^＋ -HCO3^-, Na^＋ -Mg^2. -SO4 ^2.-Cl^-, and Na^＋ -Cl^-. The relationships among the dissolved species allowed identification of the origin of solutes and the processes that generated the observed water compositions. The dissolution of halite, dolomite, and 2. gypsum explained, in part, the presence of Na^＋, K^＋, Cl^-, SO^4 , and Ca^2., but other processes, such as mixing, Na^＋ exchange for Ca^2. and Mg^2., and calcite precipitation also contributed to the composition of water. Human activity, in particular large-scale water resources development associated with dramatic population growth in the last 50 years, has led to tremendous changes in the groundwater regime, which reflected in surface water runoff change, decline of groundwater table and degeneration of surface water and groundwater quality. Solving these largely anthropogenic problems requires concerted, massive and long-term efforts.

关键词： Ejin Sub-Basin groundwater quality Heihe River human impact water resources development

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