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Impact of land-use change on hydrological processes in the Maying River basin, china

Science china Earth Sciences 2006年第10期49卷 1098-1110页

作者： WANG Genxu1,3, ZHANG Yu2, LIU Guimin2 & CHEN Lin3 1. institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, china 2. cold and arid regions environmental and engineering research institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, lanzhou 730000, china 3. Resource and Environment School, lanzhou University, lanzhou 730000, china institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu China Resource and Environment School Lanzhou University Lanzhou China cold and arid regions environmental and engineering research institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou China

Since the 1960s, dramatic changes have taken place in land-use patterns characterized by the persistent expansion of cultivated land and a continuous decrease in natural woodland and grassland in the arid inland river basins of china. It is very important to assess the effects of such land-use changes on the hydrological processes so vital for water resource management and sustainable development on the catchment scale. The Maying River catchment, a typical arid inland watershed located in the middle of the Hexi Corridor in northwest china, was the site chosen to investigate the hydrological responses to land-use changes. The annual runoff, base flow, maximum peak flow, and typical seasonal runoff in both spring and autumn flood periods were selected as the variables in the hydrological processes. Statistical-trend analysis and curvilinear regression were utilized to detect the trends in hydrological variables while eliminating the climatic influence. The relationship between cultivated land-use and hydrological variables was analyzed based on four periods of land-use variation data collected since 1965. A runoff model was established composed of two factors, i.e., cultivated land use and precipitation. The impact of land use changes, especially in the large ar- eas of upstream woodland and grassland turned into cultivated lands since 1967, has resulted in a mean annual runoff decrease of 28.12., a base flow decline of 35.32%, a drop in the maximum peak discharge of 35.77%, and mean discharge decreases in spring and autumn of 36.05% and 24.87% respectively, of which the contribution of cultivated land expansion to the influence of annual runoff amounts to 77%-80%, with the contribution to the influence of spring discharge being 73%-81%, and that to the influence of base flow reaching 62%-65%. Thus, a rational regulation policy of land use patterns is vitally important to the sustainable use of water resources and the proper development of the entire catchment.

关键词： land-use change, arid inland river catchment, hydrological process, impact, Maying River.

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Study on ground temperature change and characteristic response of engineering geology of permafrost along Qinghai-Tibet Railway

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Science china(Technological Sciences) 2003年第Z1期46卷 78-90页

作者： PAN Weidong, WANG Quancai, YU Shaoshui & ZHANG Xiaoyan Department of Mechanics, School of Physical Science and Technology, lanzhou University, lanzhou 730000, china institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Chengdu 610041, china state key laboratory of frozen soil engineering, cold and {12. regions Environment and engineering research institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, lanzhou 730000, china Sichuan Provincial Communications Department, Chengdu 610041, china lanzhou Univ Dept Mech Sch Phys Sci & Technol Lanzhou 730000 Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci Inst Mt Hazards & Environm Chengdu 610041 Peoples R China Minist Water Resources Chengdu 610041 Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci State Key Lab Frozen Soil Engn Cold & Arid Reg Environm & Engn Res Inst Lanzhou 730000 Peoples R China Sichuan Prov Commun Dept Chengdu 610041 Peoples R China

Along with the global warming in the recent scores of years, comparatively big changes have taken place in the weather and other environmental conditions of the permafrost area in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and very big changes have also occurred in the engineering geological conditions of the permafrost area. Based on a large volume of field survey data, this paper discusses the regularities of horizontal and vertical distribution of permafrost, with its focus of analysis on the temperature change characteristics of the soil in different frozen-soil zones, as well as presents simulation analysis and research for the engineering geologic characteristic response changes that would occur in the future when the temperature of the frozen soil in different zones rises by 1 and 2.6℃ respectively, which will have a tremendous impact on the stability of constructional work.

关键词： Qinghai-Tibet Railway, permafrost, ground temperature, engineering geological characteristic.

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Glacier changes during the last forty years in the Tarim Interior River basin,northwest china

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Progress in Natural Science:Materials International 2009年第6期19卷 727-732页

作者： Donghui Shangguana, Shiyin Liu a,b, Yongjian Dinga, Lianfu Dinga, Junli Xua, Li Jing a a state key laboratory of Cryospheric Science, cold & arid regions environmental & engineering research institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, lanzhou 730000, china b institute for Tibetan Plateau research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, china state key laboratory of Cryospheric Science Cold & Arid Regions Environmental & Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 China institute for Tibetan Plateau research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 China

By comparing digitized glacier outlines from the Chinese Glacier Inventory (CGI) during the 1960s-1970s and Landsat Enhance Thematic Mapper (ETM+) images from 1999 to 2001, we investigated changes for about 7665 alpine glaciers among 11665 glaciers in seven sub-basins of the Tarim Interior River basin (TIRB). The results showed that the total glacier area was reduced by 3.3% from the 1960s/ 1970s to 1999/2001 and area losses for 1-5 km2 glaciers accounted for 48.3% of the total glacier area loss in the TIRB. However, the glacier area reductions varied from 0.7% to 7.9% among the seven sub-basins of the TIRB during the study period. The glacier area changing with altitude showed that the maximum contribution of area shrinkage occurred at 4900-5400 m. Data from 25 meteorological stations in the TIRB showed increases in both the annual mean air temperature and annual precipitation during 1960-2000. This indicates that the glacier shrinkage in the TIRB over the last 40 years was largely due to regional climate warming that enhanced glacier ablation and overcame the effects of increased precipitation on the glacier mass balance.

关键词： Glacier change Climate change Remote sensing

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Preliminary reconstruction of the desert and sandy land distributions in china since the last interglacial period

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Science china Earth Sciences 2004年第Z1期47卷 89-100页

作者： CHEN Huizhong, SU Zhizhu, YANG Ping & DONG Guangrongkey laboratory of Desert and Desertification, cold and arid regions environmental and engineering research institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, lanzhou 730000, china state key laboratory of Loess Quaternary Geology, institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710075, china institute of Loess Plateau, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, china key laboratory of Desert and Desertification Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou China state key laboratory of Loess Quaternary Geology Institute of Earth Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences Xi’an China institute of Loess Plateau Shanxi University Taiyuan China

The desert and sandy land are the products of arid climate. The spatial distribution of modern deserts and sandy land in china and their relation to climate show following characteristics: arid and hyper-arid desert zones, at isohyet of less than 200 mm, are dominated by mobile dunes; semi-arid steppe and arid desert steppe with the precipitation between 200?00 mm, are dominated by semi-fixed and fixed sand dunes; the precipitation of sub-humid forest grassland and humid forest zones with scattered fixed sand land is higher than 400 mm. With this as reference, in combination with considerable amount of paleoclimatic data in desert regions and adjacent regions, the distributions of desert and sandy land in china during the last intergla-cial period, the last glacial maximum (LGM), and the Holocene megathermal, were preliminarily reconstructed. The results compared with that of today show that the distribution of desert and sandy land in china was greatly dwindled during last interglacial period, and the mobile dune area was about two-thirds of that of today's, but greatly expanded during LGM. However, the dwindling area of desert and sandy land in the Holocene megathermal was smaller than that in the last interglacial period. The forcing mechanism was mainly related to the changes of East Asian winter and summer monsoon, south-northward swing of the westerlies and the variations of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau monsoon intensity caused by global climate changes during the cold and warm intervals since the last interglacial period.

关键词： the glacial-interglacial period, desert, sandy land, spatial distribution.

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Identification of Ice Elevation Change of the Shuiguan River No.4 Glacier in the Qilian Mountains,china

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Journal of Mountain Science 2010年第4期7卷 375-379页

作者： LI Jing LIU Shiyin SHANGGUAN Donghui ZHANG Yinsong state key laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 China

GPS measurement,an effective method for surveying glacier surface topography,has been applied in some glaciers for many *** Shuiguan River No.4 glacier,a small glacier with its area of 1.84 km2 in 1972,located in the east of the Qilian Mountains,china,was selected to study its ice elevation change using GPS measurement in *** study was conducted on the ablation area with GPS-measured area 0.5 *** ice elevation change of the glacier was obtained by comparing the DEM obtained by a 1:50 000 topographic map made in 1972 with the DEM by GPS-measured data acquired in *** differences of the two DEMs showed the thinning condition of the glacier was *** mean thinning was 15±8 m with the mean thinning rate of 0.42±0.22 m a-1 for 1972-2007 in the measurement area,which equaled 0.38±0.20 m yr-1 in water equivalent(w.e.).The prominent thinning occurred on the south part of the glacier,which was the area near the glacier terminus with the maximum thinning of 41±8 *** the thinning value of 15±8 m for the glacier area below 4640 m a.s.l.,the wasting ice mass was calculated to be 6.4±3.2×10-3 km3 for 1972-2007,corresponding to 5.7±2.8×10-3 km3 w.e.,which meant that the montane runoff released by the glacier was at least 5.7±2.8×106 m3 between 1972-2007.

关键词： GPS RTK DEM Glacier mass balance Mountane runoff

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Development of a Chinese land data assimilation system:its progress and prospects

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Progress in Natural Science:Materials International 2007年第8期17卷 881-892页

作者： Li Xin~(1**) Huang Chunlin~1 Che Tao~1 Jin Rui~1 Wang Shugong~l Wang Jiemin~1 Gao Feng~1 Zhang Shuwen~2 Qiu Chongjian~2 Wang Chenghai~2 (1.cold and arid regions environmental and engineering research institute,Chinese Academy of Sciences,lanzhou 730000,china 2.College of Atmospheric Sciences,lanzhou University,lanzhou 730000,china) cold and arid regions environmental and engineering research institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 China College of Atmospheric Sciences Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China

The objective of land data assimilation is to merge multi-source observations into the dynamics of land surface model for improving the estimation of land surface *** have developed a land data assimilation system for china's land *** this sys- tem,the Common Land Model and Simple Biosphere Model 2 are used to simulate land surface *** radiative transfer models of thawed and frozen soil,snow,lake,and vegetation are used as observation operators to transfer model predictions into estimated bright- ness temperatures.A Monte-Carlo based sequential filter,the ensemble Kalman filter,is implemented as data assimilation method to inte- grate modeling and *** system is capable of assimilating passive microwave remotely sensed data such as special sensor mi- crowave/imager (SSM/I),TRMM microwave imager (TMI),and advanced microwave scanning radiometer enhanced for EOS (AMSR- E) and the conventional in situ measurements of soil and snow.A spatiotemporally consistent assimilated dataset for soil moisture,soil temperature,snow and frozen soil,with a spatial resolution of 0.25 degree and temporal resolution of one hour,has been *** paper introduces the development of Chinese land data assimilation system and the progress made on data assimilation algorithms,land sur- face modeling,microwave remote sensing of land surface hydrological variables,and the preparation of atmospheric forcing *** dis- tinct characteristics and challenges of developing land data assimilation system and the perspectives for future development are also dis- cussed.

关键词： land data assimilation land surface model passive microwave remote sensing Kalman filter

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laboratory test on the combined cooling effect of L-shaped thermosyphons and thermal insulation on high-grade roadway construction in permafrost regions

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research in cold and arid regions 2009年第4期1卷 307-315页

作者： YuanHong Dong,YuanMing Lai,MingYi Zhang,ShuangYang Li state key laboratory of frozen soil engineering,cold and arid regions environmental and engineering research {12.,Chinese Academy of Sciences,lanzhou,Gansu 730000,china. Chinese Acad Sci Cold & Arid Reg Environm & Engn Res Inst State Key Lab Frozen Soil Engn Lanzhou 730000 Gansu Peoples R China

With the completion of the Qinghai-Tibetan Railway,economic development of related areas has been greatly ***,in return,calls for building or upgrading more roadways,especially high-grade *** cold regions,the thawing of permafrost can induce settlement damage of and even failure to railway (or roadway) *** (self-powered refrigera-tion devices that are used to help keep the permafrost cool) have proved effective in mitigating thaw settlement by maintaining the thermal stability of the ***,for high-grade roadway embankments of great width,stabilizing or cooling ef-fects of traditional geotechnological measures may be *** enhance the cooling effect of thermosyphons,an L-shaped thermosyphon was designed.A laboratory test was carried out to study the combined cooling effect of the L-shaped thermosyphon and thermal insulation applying to roadbed *** angle between the evaporator and condenser sections of the L-shaped thermosyphon is 134 degrees,and the L-shaped thermosyphon was inserted into the soil at an angle of 5 degrees with the road *** tested results show that the L-shaped thermosyphon is effective in removing heat from a roadway in *** the ambient air temperature is lower than the soil temperature,the thermosyphon is active and extracts the heat in the soil around *** the ambient air temperature is higher than the soil temperature,the thermosyphon is inactive,and no heat is in-jected into the soil through the L-shaped *** to embankments with straight thermosyphons,the inner parts of the embankments with L-shaped thermosyphons were significantly *** is hoped that the present study would be useful to the application of L-shaped thermosyphons in the construction of high-grade roadways in cold regions.

关键词： L-shaped thermosyphon thermal insulation cooling effect foundation soils high-grade roadway

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Temporal variations of δ^(18)O of atmospheric water vapor at Delingha

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Science china Earth Sciences 2008年第7期51卷 966-975页

作者： YIN ChangLiang1, YAO TanDong2, TIAN LiDe2, LIU DongNian3, YU WuSheng2 & QU DongMei2 1 state key laboratory of Cryoshperic Science, cold and arid regions environmental and engineering research institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, lanzhou 730000, china 2 laboratory of Environment and Processes, institute of Tibetan Plateau research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, china 3 Meteorological Observatory of Haixi Prefecture of Qinghai Province, Delingha 817000, china state key laboratory of Cryoshperic Science Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou China laboratory of Environment and Processes Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Meteorological Observatory of Haixi Prefecture of Qinghai Province Delingha China

Oxygen stable isotope of atmospheric water vapor is widely used to study the modern process of cli- mate. Atmospheric water vapor samples were collected at Dlingha, northeast of Tibetan Plateau during the period from July 2005 to February 2006. The variation of δ18O and the relationships between δ18O and both the temperature and specific humidity are analyzed in this paper. Results show that the sea- sonal variation of δ18O of atmospheric water vapor at Delingha is remarkable with higher δ18O in summer and lower δ18O in winter. The temporal variation of vapor δ18O shows obvious fluctuations, with magnitude of over 37‰. The daily variation of the δ18O is highly correlated with air temperature. The relationship between δ18O and atmospheric water vapor content is complex. Study shows that δ18O of atmospheric water vapor is positively correlated with specific humidity in winter in seasonal scale and inversely correlated with specific humidity in summer rainy period. The δ18O values of at- mospheric water vapor are lower than those of precipitation at Delingha, and the average difference is 10.7‰. Variations of δ18O of atmospheric water vapor is also found to be affected by precipitation events, The model results show that the precipitation effect could have caused the vapor δ18O in the raining season to lower by 7% in average in July and August.

关键词： Delingha δ18O atmospheric water vapor

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Anomaly feature of seasonal frozen soil variationson the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2002年第1期12卷 99-107页

作者： WANG Cheng-hai1,2, DONG Wen-jie3, WEI Zhi-gang2 (1. College of Resource and environmental Science, lanzhou University, lanzhou 730000, china 2. cold and arid regions environmental and engineering research institute, CAS, lanzhou 730000, china 3. Insti College of Resource and environmental Science Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 cold and arid regions environmental and engineering research institute CAS Lanzhou 730000 institute of Atmospheric Physics CAS 北京 Beijing

The seasonal frozen soil on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has strong response to climate change, and its freezing-thawing process also affects East Asia climate. In this paper, the freezing soil maximum depth of 46 stations covering 1961–1999 on the plateau is analyzed by rotated experience orthogonal function (REOF). The results show that there are four main frozen anomaly regions on the plateau, i.e., the northeastern, southeastern and southern parts of the plateau and Qaidam Basin. The freezing soil depths of the annual anomaly regions in the above representative stations show that there are different changing trends. The main trend, except for the Qaidam Basin, has been decreasing since the 1980s, a sign of the climate warming. Compared with the 1980s, on the average, the maximum soil depth decreased by about 0.02 m, 0.05 m and 0.14 m in the northeastern, southeastern and southern parts of the plateau, but increased by about 0.57 m in the Qaidam Basin during the 1990s. It means there are different responses to climate system in the above areas. The spectrum analysis reveals different change cycles: in higher frequency there is an about 2-year long cycle in Qaidam Basin and southern part of the plateau in the four representative areas whereas in lower frequency there is an about 14-year long cycle in all the four representative areas due to the combined influence of different soil textures and solutes in four areas.

关键词： Qinghai-Tibet Plateau seasonal frozen soil rotated empirical orthogonal function analysis anomaly areas

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科尔沁沙地人工植被对土壤水分异质性的影响

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土壤学报 2002年第1期39卷 113-119页

作者：赵文智中国科学院寒区旱区环境工程研究所冻土工程国家重点实验室兰州730000

选择植被状况基本相同而坡位不同的样地 ,坡向和坡度基本相同而植被类型不同的沙丘背风坡 (东南坡 )样线及沙丘上部样地 ,在生长期调查其土壤水分状况 ,探讨植被类型、坡位对沙地土壤水分状况及水分格局的影响。结果表明 :沙丘背风坡 (... 详细信息

选择植被状况基本相同而坡位不同的样地 ,坡向和坡度基本相同而植被类型不同的沙丘背风坡 (东南坡 )样线及沙丘上部样地 ,在生长期调查其土壤水分状况 ,探讨植被类型、坡位对沙地土壤水分状况及水分格局的影响。结果表明 :沙丘背风坡 (东南坡 )人工植被土壤水分状况按差巴嘎蒿、杨树、樟子松的次序依次变差。以 0 5m为间隔取样分析表明沿沙丘下部到沙丘上部土壤水分状况有下降趋势。在水平格局上 ,樟子松林地土壤水分状况在0～ 8m ,杨树林地在 0～ 4m ,流动沙地在 0～ 9m的尺度上近似同质 ,随着空间距离的增加 ,异质性加强 ;差巴嘎蒿土壤水分状况在 0～ 4m的范围内异质性较高 ,4m以上近似同质。在垂直格局上 ,流沙在 0～ 60cm ,樟子松在 0～ 80cm ,差巴嘎蒿在 0～ 1 2 0cm的尺度上异质性很强 ,大于该尺度近似同质 ,而杨树林地在 0～ 30 0cm的范围内均有较强的异质性。无论水平格局或垂直格局。

关键词：科尔沁沙地人工植被土壤水分状况土壤水分异质性

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