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Abnormal high pressure in Kuqa foreland thrust belt of Tarim basin: Origin and impacts on hydrocarbon accumulation

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Progress in Natural Science:Materials International 2006年第12期16卷 1307-1314页

作者： ZENG Lianbo~1** and LIU Benming~ 1,2.(1. key laboratory of {2. {2. in China petroleum university, ministry of education, beijing 102.49, China 2. The Institute of Oil and Gas Exploration and Development, Tarim Oilfield Company, PetroChina Company Limited, Korla 841000, China) [a]ministry of education Key Laboratory of Hydrocarbon Accumulation in China Petroleum University Beijing China [b]The Institute of Oil and Gas Exploration and Development Tarim Oilfield Company PetroChina Company Limited Korla China

Following analyses of the abnormal high pressure distribution characteristics, based on the geological characteristics, tectonic stress field and physical simulation, we investigated the formation mechanisms of abnormal high pressure and its impacts on hydrocarbon accumulation in the Kuqa foreland thrust belt. The abnormal high pressure appears at the bottom of the Paleogene and obviously exists in the Triassic and Jurassic. However, the pressure coefficient in the Triassic and Jurassic is lower than that in the Cretaceous and at the bottom of the Paleogene. Horizontally, the abnormal high pressure distribution is characterized by E-W orientation zoning. The maximum pressure coefficient lies in the Kelasu-Dongqiu-Dina tectonic zones in the center of the Kuqa foreland thrust belt and decreases away from the tectonic zones. The formation of abnormal high pressure was mainly related with the intense tectonic compression in the Early Pleistocene time, and tectonic uplifting, undercompaction and hydrocarbon generation were secondary factors contributing to abnormal high pressure. Under the rapid and intense tectonic compression in the Early Pleistocene, the rock framework firstly undertook 1/4 of the compression stress and the other was borne by the pore fluids. Due to the presence of great seal of gypsum-salt or gypsum-mudstone beds in the Paleogene, the pressure of pore fluids increased rapidly and led to the abnormal high pressure in the Kuqa foreland thrust belt. The abnormal high pressure has important impacts on hydrocarbon accumulation. It is one of the necessary conditions for formation of large oil and gas fields in the Kuqa foreland thrust belt.

关键词： abnormal high pressure formation mechanism oil and gas reservoir Kuqa foreland thrust belt Tarim basin.

Mechanisms of Cenozoic deformation in the Bohai Basin, Northeast China: Physical modelling and discussions

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Science China Earth Sciences 2006年第3期49卷 258-271页

作者： ZHOU Jianxun1 & ZHOU Jiansheng2.1. key laboratory for {2. {2. of Chinese ministry of education and Department of Earth Science, China university of petroleum, beijing 102.49, China 2. Dagang petroleum Sub-corporation of PetroChina Company Limited, Tianjin 3002.0, China 1. key laboratory for {2. {2. of Chinese ministry of education and Department of Earth Science China University of Petroleum Beijing 102249 China 2. Dagang petroleum Sub-corporation of PetroChina Company Limited Tianjin 300280 China

The Bohai Basin is a Cenozoic petroliferous extensional basin in China and has apparent geometrical and kinematic similarities with the other Meso-Cenozoic extensional basins located along the eastern margin of Eurasian Plate. However, the deformation mechanisms of the basin are still in dispute. Physcial modelling referring to the Huanghua Depression, located in the central part of the Bohai Basin was conducted employing four sets of planar sandbox experimental models with different extension directions. Only experimental results of the model with N-S extension show good structural similarity with the depression. The results also indicate that complex variations of fault strike in a rift basin are not necessarily the results of complex kinematic mechanisms or polyphase deformation. Based on comparison of experimental results with the actual structures and the good structural simi- larity between Huanghua Depression and the whole Bohai Basin, it is concluded that the Bohai Basin was formed by the N-S extension. The strike slip deformation along the NNE-trending border faults of the basin resulted from the N-S extension and played the role of lateral transformation for the N-S extension. In addition, according to the apparent geometrical and kinematic similarities among the Bohai Basin and other Meso-Cenozoic extensional basins located along the eastern margin of the Eurasian Plate, it is proposed that: (1) this “N-S extension” model provides a better kinematic inter- pretation for the formation of Bohai Basin and the other adjacent basins located along the eastern margin of the Eurasian Plate; and (2. the N-S extension was probably the effect of the “slab window” formed by the subduction of the nearly E-W trending oceanic ridge between the Kula and Pacific Plates. The “slab window” effect can also provide reasonable explanations for the phenomena that initial rifting ages of basins become progressively younger westwards along the eastern margin of the Eurasian Plate

关键词： Bohai Basin, physical modelling, Cenozoic, extensional tectonics.

Main Controls on hydrocarbon accumulation in the Paleozoic in Central Saudi Arabia

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petroleum Science 2007年第2期4卷 10-17页

作者： Bai Guoping (key laboratory for {2. {2. under ministry of education, China university of petroleum, beijing 102.49, China) key laboratory for {2. {2. under ministry of education China University of PetroleumBeijing102249China

Sandi Arabia is renown for its rich oil and gas Mesozoic. However, the discovery of Paleozoic fields in resources with the bulk of the reserves reservo/red in the the late 1980s has encouraged further exploration in the Paleozoic. This paper reviews the salient features of the Paleozoic petroleum geology in central Saudi Arabia and discusses the main factors controlling hydrocarbon {2. in the Paleozoic. The Lower Silurian Qusaiba hot shale is the principal source rock for the hydrocarbons discovered in the Ordovician to Permian reservoirs. Of them, the Permo- Carboniferous Unayzah and Upper Ordovician Sarah Formations have the best exploration potential. The key factors controlling hydrocarbon {2. in the Unayzah Formation are migration pathways and reservoir petrophysics. The key factors controlling hydrocarbon {2. in the Sarah Formation are reservoir petrophysics and the development of structural traps.

关键词： Paleozoic oil and gas accumulations central Saudi Arabia main controls Qusaiba hot shale Unayzah play,Sarah play

Differential retardation of organic matter maturation by overpressure

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Science China Earth Sciences 2004年第9期47卷 783-793页

作者： HAO Fang1,2. JIANG Jianqun1, ZOU Huayao1, FANG Yong1 & ZENG Zhiping2.1. key Lab for hydrocarbon {2. Mechanism in the{2., petroleum university, beijing 102.49, China 2. Department of petroleum Geology, China university of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China key Lab for hydrocarbon {2. Mechanism in the{2. Petroleum University Beijing 102249 China Department of petroleum Geology China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China

The thermal evolution of organic matter (OM) is composed of a series of reactions that are paralell and successive with each other. Different reactions have different activation energy, different rates of product concentration variation, and different volume expansion effects, and therefore have different responses to overpressure, which determines the differential retardation of different OM maturation reactions and maturity parameters. Based upon comprehensive studies on the OM maturation in different pressure systems in the Yinggehai, Qiongdongnan and Bohai Bay basins, 4 hierarchies of overpressure retardation have been recognized. (1) OM maturation in all aspects has been retarded by overpressure. (2. The thermal evolution of hydrocarbons and thermal degradation of hydrogen-rich kerogens has been retarded, but the thermal evolution of hydrogen-poor kerogen components has not been affected by overpressure. As a result, vitrinite reflectance has not been retarded. (3) The thermal cracking of hydrocarbons has been retarded, yet overpressure has had little or no effect on thermal degradation of kerogens. (4) Overpressure has no detectable effect on all aspects of OM maturation. The hierarchy that overpressure has retarded all aspects of OM maturation is the combined result of early overpressure (overpressure began to develop when the source rock was still immature) and the protracted maintenances of closed fluid system. Any case that overpressure had developed too late, or overpressure was too small to reach the threshold values, or overpressured fluid had been frequently released, could give rise to the occurrence of state 4 that overpressure had no detectable effect on all aspects of OM maturation. It seems that in many basins, overpressure retardation of hierarchies 2.and 3 developed where the most commonly used maturity parameter, vitrinite reflectance, had not been affected. In theses cases, multiple parameters must be used to distinguish overpressure retardati

关键词： overpressure, organic matter maturation, hydrocarbon generation, differential retardation.

Progress of Lyman-alpha-based beam emission spectroscopy(Ly BES)diagnostic on the HL-2. tokamak

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Plasma Science and Technology 2024年第3期26卷 118-125页

作者：周艺轩余羿许敏柯锐聂林徐皓赵光义刘灏袁子豪肖晨雨李继全肖池阶 the HL-2. Team Southwestern Institute of Physics Chengdu 610041People's Republic of China Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology Sun Yat-sen UniversityZhuhai 519082People's Republic of China State key laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology School of PhysicsPeking UniversityBeijing 100871People's Republic of China

An edge Lyman-alpha-based beam emission spectroscopy(LyBES)diagnostic,using a heating NBI(neutral beam injection)system,is currently under development on the HL-2. *** 2.-channel edge LyBES,which is intended to measure the density fluctuation in plasma edge(from R=1960 mm to R=2.2. mm)with an improved spatial resolution of 3.3 mm,is a complement to the existing conventional beam emission spectroscopy(BES)*** this article,we introduce the progress of LyBES diagnostic,including the collection optics,the monochromator,and the detector *** reflectance of the collection mirrors is measured to be~82.at 12. nm,and the aberration geometrical radius of the collection optics is tested to be~150μm in the aimed *** linear dispersion of the LyBES monochromator is designed to be~0.09 nm mm^(-1).The bandwidth of the detector system with the 5×10^(7)V A^(-1)preamplifier gain is measured to be~2.0 kHz,and the peak-to-peak noise of the detector system is tested to be~16 *** finalized design,components development and testing of the LyBES diagnostic have been completed at present,and an overall performance of the LyBES diagnostic is to be confirmed in the next HL-2. campaign.

关键词： density fluctuation Ly BES BES vacuum ultraviolet

Multi-level decollement zones and detachment deformation of Longmenshan thrust belt,Sichuan Basin,southwest China

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Science China Earth Sciences 2008年第S2期51卷 32-43页

作者： TANG LiangJie1,2.3,YANG KeMing4,JIN WenZheng1,2.3,L ZhiZhou4 & YU YiXin1,2.3 1 State key laboratory of {2. Resource and Prospecting,China {2. of {2.,beijing 102.49,China 2.key laboratory for hydrocarbon accumulation Mechanism,China {2. of {2.,ministry of education,beijing 102.49,China 3 Basin and Reservoir Research Center,China {2. of {2.,beijing 102.49,China 4 Southwest Division Company,SINOPEC,Chengdu 610081,China 1. State key laboratory of {2. Resource and Prospecting China University of Petroleum Beijing 102249 China 2. key laboratory for {2. {2. Mechanism China University of Petroleum Ministry of Education Beijing 102249 China 3. Basin and Reservoir Research Center China University of Petroleum Beijing 102249 China 4. Southwest Division Company SINOPEC Chengdu 610081 China

As is well known that many decollement layers were developed in the Longmenshan thrust belt,Si-chuan Basin,China. Through field investigation,explanation of seismic profiles and analysis of the balanced sections,we can divide the decollement zones into 3 categories: (1) the deep level decolle-ment zones,including the crust-mantle decollement layer,intracrustal decollement layer,and presinian basal decollement layer. The main structural styles of their deformation are the crust-mantle decoup-ling detachment deformation,the basal ductile shear deformation,etc.; (2. the middle level decollement zones,including the Cambrian-Ordovician decollement layer,the Silurian decollement layer,etc.,the main structural styles of their deformation are the isopachous fold,the angular fold,the saddle struc-ture,and the combination styles of them; and (3) the shallow level decollement zones,including the Xujiahe Formation decollement layer of Upper Triassic and the Jurassic decollement layers,the main structural styles of their deformation are the thrust-nappe tectonic,the pop-up,the triangle zone ,the duplex,etc. Multi-level decollement zones not only made the Longmenshan thrust belt develop many different deformation styles from deep place to shallow place,but also made some local areas have the superimposition of the tectonic deformation apparently. This study indicates that the multi-level de-collement zones have a very important effect on the shaping and evolution of the Longmenshan thrust belt.

关键词： decollement layer structural styles multi-level decollement zones Longmenshan thrust belt

Kinematics and dynamics of the Mesozoic orogeny and late-orogenic extensional collapse in the Sino-Mongolian border areas

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Science China Earth Sciences 2005年第7期48卷 849-862页

作者： ZHENG Yadong 1 & WANG Tao2.1. key laboratory of Orogenic Belts and Crustal Evolution (Peking {2.),{2., beijing 100871, China 2. Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, beijing 100037, China key laboratory of Orogenic Belts and Crustal Evolution (Peking {2.) Ministry of Education Beijing 100871 China Institute of Geology Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences Beijinq 100037 China

The Sino-Mongolian border areas underwent two important tectonic events during Mesozoic time after late Paleozoic orogeny: a late Triassic to earlier Jurassic contractional event that resulted in a large-scale south-vergent thrust during the orogeny and a late Jurassic-earlier Cretaceous extensional event in a north-south direction that formed a metamorphic core complex. The kinematic and dynamic analyses show that the thrust sheet moved southwards with a kinematic vorticity number of ca. -0.10 and sub-horizontal maximum compressive stress axis that belongs to a contraction-thickening shear. The upper plate of the late-orogenic detachment relatively moved in a 165°direction. The average kinematic vorticity in its earlier stage was 0.74 that belongs to simple shear dominated shearing and related to the maximum compressive stress axes dipping at ～66°, while the later average kinematic vorticity was ～0.55°that belongs to pure shear dominated shearing with sub-vertical maximum compressive stress axes. This suggests that the thrusting led to the crust thickened and the lower plate rocks that were originally located in the upper crust depressed through a brittle-ductile transition zone into the lower crust and became warmer. The heated rocks trended to uplift since their increasing volume and decreasing density while the loading of the upper-plate rocks increased due to the structural thickening. Under the combined effect of the loading and the thermal-uplifting, the ductile shear zone in between increased in its component of vertical pure shear. Once its pure-shear component exceeded its simple-shear one the ductile shear zone became an extension-thinned shear zone. This progressive transitional process reflects internal and essential temporal and spatial relationships: the extensional factor nucleated during the crust thickening by thrusting and increase of the extensional factor finally led to late-orogenic collapse.

关键词： Mesozoic thrusting,late-orogenic collapse,kinematic vorticity number,stress state.

Petrogenesis of Songshugou dunite body in the Qinling orogenic belt, Central China: Constraints from geochemistry and melt inclusions

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Science China Earth Sciences 2005年第8期48卷 1146-1157页

作者： SU Li1,2. SONG Shuguang3 & ZHOU Dingwu1 1. key laboratory of Continental Dynamics of the{2., Department of Geology, Northwestern {2., Xi’an 710069, China 2. The Geological Lab Center, China {2. of Geosciences (beijing), beijing 100083, China 3. key laboratory of Orogenic Belts of the{2., Department of Geology, Peking {2., beijing 100871, China 1. key laboratory of Continental Dynamics of the{2. Department of Geology Northwestern University 710069 Xi’an China 2. The Geological Lab Center China University of Geosciences 100083 (Beijing)Beijing China 3. key laboratory of Orogenic Belts of the{2. Department of Geology Peking University 100871 Beijing China

The Songshugou dunite body, which occupies an area of about 2. km2. is the largest ultramafic massif in the eastern Qinling orogenic belt, Central China. The major compo-nent of this body is dunitic rocks including mylonitic dunite and coarse-grained dunite; they oc-cupy about 95 vol% of the total body. Petrography, mineral composition, major and trace ele-ments and primitive melt inclusions have been investigated in this paper; all revealed that this dunite body is the product of melt-rock interaction by porous percolation flow. In comparison with dunite sills or veins in harzburgite from the basal part of Oman ophiolite, this dunite body is characterized by lower contents of Al2.3, CaO and HREE but higher content of highly incom-patible elements and Zr and Hf. The LREE enriched patterns and primitive mantle normalized spidergrams of trace elements are also different from the Oman dunite. Combining with melt in-clusions observed in olivines, we conclude that this dunite body is the product of large- scale porous percolation flow of high-MgO melts within depleted mantle peridotites. The high-MgO magma, in essence, was most probably produced at the hot head of an upwelling mantle plume. The occurrence of the Songshugou dunite body is closely associated with the activity of mantle super-plume in Neo-Proterozoic era in the Yangtze Craton.

关键词： Songshugou dunite body, geochemistry, melt inclusion, mantle plume, Qinling orogenic belt.

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Science China Earth Sciences 2004年第10期47卷 896-911页

作者： ZHANG Changhou1,2. WU Ganguo1,2. WANG Genhou2. ZHANG Weijie2.& SONG Honglin2.1. key laboratory of Lithospheric Tectonics and Lithoprobing Technology, China {2. of Geosciences,{2. of China, beijing 100083, China 2. School of Earth Sciences and Mineral Resources, China {2. of Geosciences, beijing 100083, China 1. key laboratory of Lithospheric Tectonics and Lithoprobing Technology China University of Geosciences Ministry of Education of China 100083 Beijing China 2. School of Earth Sciences and Mineral Resources China University of Geosciences 100083 Beijing China

The northwest trending tectonic belt in the middle part of the Mesozoic intraplate Yanshan Orogenic Belt, northeast Hebei Province, is composed of thrusts, extensional faults, strike-slip faults and syntectonic sedimentations as well. The northeastward basement-involved major thrusting deformation occurred between 174Ma and 168MaBP and was followed by an intrusion of the granitic plutonic rocks. As a part of the post-thrusting extensional deformations a northwest extending volcano-sedimentation system of Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous formed in the southwest side of the belt. These volcano-sedimentary sequences are divided into Tuchengzi Formation, Zhangjiakou Formation, Yixian Formation and Jiufotang Formation re- spectively. They are characterized by southeastward migration as a result of the increasing down-dip slip displacement along the major extensional fault toward the southeast of the belt. The provenance area of the Jiufotang Formation north to it experienced southwestward thrusting during and after its later sedimentation. The thrusting in this stage resulted in the formation of an asymmetric footwall syncline with vergence to SW in the Jiufotang Formation in the NE side of the basin. Finally a dextral strike-slip deformation occurred along the NW tectonic belt. The striking tectono-geomorphological features and present seismic activities along this belt indicate that it has been being active since Cenozoic era and is still in the active state at present. This northwest extending tectonic belt was following the same direction and location as the existing fault systems within the basement as revealed by former geological and geophysical studies. So it is reasonable to infer the Mesozoic deformation along this belt to be a result of reactivation of the basement structures in a favorable tectonic stress field. The reactivation of basement struc- tures might be taken as one of the mechanisms of intraplate deformation and orogeny.

关键词： Yanshan Orogenic Belt, northwest extending tectonic complex, thrust system, geochronology.