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Bubble size distribution in surface wave breaking entraining process

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Science china earth {2. 2007年第11期50卷 1754-1760页

作者： HAN Lei1,2.& YUAN YeLi2.1 department of ocean {2., ocean university of china, Qingdao 2.6003, china 2.The First Institute of oceanography, State ocean Administration, Qingdao 2.6061, china 1. department of ocean {2. Ocean University of China Qingdao 266003 China 2. The First Institute of oceanography State Ocean Administration Qingdao 266061 China

From the similarity theorem, an expression of bubble population is derived as a function of the air en-trainment rate, the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) spectrum density and the surface tension. The bubble size spectrum that we obtain has a dependence of a?2.5+nd on the bubble radius, in which nd is positive and dependent on the form of TKE spectrum within the viscous dissipation range. To relate the bubble population with wave parameters, an expression about the air entrainment rate is deduced by intro-ducing two statistical relations to wave breaking. The bubble population vertical distribution is also derived, based on two assumptions from two typical observation results.

关键词： wave breaking,bubble cloud,bubble size spectrum

Geochemical characteristics of pyrolysis gas from epimetamorphic rocks in the northern basement of Songliao Basin,Northeast china

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Science china earth {2. 2008年第S1期51卷 140-147页

作者： YANG Chun 1 ,LUO Xia 2.,LI Jian 2.,LI ZhiSheng 2.,LIU QuanYou 3 &Wang YuLin 4 1 department of earth {2.,Zhejiang university,Hangzhou 31002.,china 2.research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development(Langfang Branch),Langfang 065007,china 3 research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development,Beijing 100083,china 4 department of Source and environment,Liaoning Technical university,Fuxin 12.000,china Zhejiang Univ Dept Earth Sci Hangzhou 310027 Peoples R China Res Inst Petr Explorat & Dev Langfang Branch Langfang 065007 Peoples R China Res Inst Petr Explorat & Dev Beijing 100083 Peoples R China Liaoning Tech Univ Dept Source & Environm Fuxing 123000 Peoples R China

The Xushen gas field,located in the north of Songliao Basin,is a potential giant gas area for china in the *** proved reserves have exceeded 1000×10 8 m 3 by the end of ***,the origin of natural gases from the deep strata is still in *** rocks as a potential gas source are widely spreading in the northern basement of Songliao *** to pyrolysis experiments for these rocks in the semi-confined system,gas production and geochemistry of alkane gases are discussed in this *** Carboniferous-Permian epimetamorphic rocks were heated from 300℃to 550℃,with temperature interval of 50℃.The gas production was quantified and measured for chemical and carbon isotopic *** show thatδ13C 1 is less than?2.‰,carbon isotope trend of alkane gas isδ13C 1 2.2.>δ13C 3 ,these features suggest that the gas would be coal-type gas at high-over maturity,not be inorganic gas with reversal trend of gaseous alkanes (δ13C 1 >δ13C 2.>δ13C 3 ).These characteristics of carbon isotopes are similar with the natural gas from the basin basement,but disagree with gas from the Xingcheng ***,the mixing gases from the pyrolysis gas with coal-typed gases at high-over maturity or oil-typed gases do not cause the reversal trend of carbon *** gas generation intensity for epimetamorphic rocks is 3.0×10 8 ―2..8×10 8 m 3 /km 2.,corresponding to Ro from 2.0%to 3.5%for organic matter.

关键词： Northern Songliao Basin epimetamorphic rock pyrolysis experiment gas generation potential carbon isotope

Interannual variability of Antarctic Oscillation and its influence on East Asian climate during boreal winter and spring

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Science china earth {2. 2006年第5期49卷 554-560页

作者： FAN Ke1,2.3 & WANG Huijun2.1. Nansen-Zhu International research Center, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of sciences, Beijing 10002.,{2. 2. department of Atmospheric Science, Yunnan university, Kunming 650091,{2. 3. Graduate university of the Chinese Academy of sciences, Beijing 100049,{2. 1. Nansen-Zhu International research Center Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 China 2. department of Atmospheric Science Yunnan University Kunming 650091 China 3. Graduate university of the Chinese Academy of sciences Beijing 100049 China

The interannual variability of Antarctic Oscillation (AAO) and its influence on East Asian climate during both boreal winter and spring are addressed. The results show that the positive AAO anomaly decreases the cold activity over East Asia during both boreal winter and spring. AAO-related barotropic meridional teleconnection from Antarctic to Arctic is found through analysis of mean me- ridional circulations. This meridional teleconnection is remarkable over Eurasia during boreal winter and over the Pacific ocean during boreal spring. The results also show that zonal mean zonal wind at high latitudes in Southern Hemisphere has well positive correlation with that of Eurasia during boreal winter and has negative correlation with Pacific North American teleconnection (PNA) during boreal spring, which again display the meridional teleconnection. Thus, local meridional teleconnection is a possible linkage for interaction of circulations at mid-high latitudes between both hemispheres.

关键词： Antarctic Oscillation, Eurasian west wind, meridional teleconnection, mean meridional circulation.

Origin of the Red earth sequence on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau and its implications for regional aridity since the middle Miocene

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Science china earth {2. 2006年第5期49卷 505-517页

作者： WANG Xianyan1,7, LU Huayu1,2. JI Junfeg3, WANG Xiaoyong1,7, ZHAO Jingbo4, HUANG Baochun5 & LI Zhen6 1. SKLLQG, Institute of earth environment, Chinese Academy of {2., Xi’an 710075, china 2. department of Urban and Resources {2., Nanjing university, Nanjing 2.0093, china 3. department of earth {2., Nanjing university, Nanjing 2.0093, china 4. department of Geography, Shaanxi Normal university, Xi’an 710062. china 5. Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of {2., Beijing 10002., china 6 department of Geography, Qinghai Normal university, Xining 810008, china 7. Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of {2., Beijing 100039, china 1. SKLLQG Institute of Earth Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences Xi’an 710075 China 7. Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of sciences Beijing 100039 China 2. department of Urban and Resources sciences Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 China 3. department of earth {2. Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 China 4. department of Geography Shaanxi Normal University Xi’an 710062 China 5. Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 China 6. department of Geography Qinghai Normal University Xining 810008 China

The Red earth deposit around Xining, northeastern Tibetan Plateau, has beenstudied in terms of soil micro-structure, grain-size distribution, major- and trace-elementchemistry and magne-tostratigraphy. Field investigations indicate that the Red earth sequenceconsists of 2. visually definable yellow-brown and weakly-developed soils interbedded with reddishstrongly-developed soils, and has a similar structure to the aeolian Red Clay deposit on the ChineseLoess Plateau. Grain-size analysis shows that the Red earth deposit is very fine-grained with anegligible sand fraction ( > 63 μm). Thin-section observations under light microscopy show that thedeposit has a clayey texture and the coarse fraction ( > 10 μm) mainly consists of quartz,feldspar and micas. Pyroxene and hornblende were also observed. This mineralogical composition ofthe coarse fraction is similar to that of the Quaternary loess. In addition, all of the mineralgrains are semi angular semi-angular and are generally finer than 63 μm. There is a good agreementbetween the major and minor trace element chemistry of loess-soil units and the Red earth *** REE distributions of the loess-soil and the Red earth deposit are similar in shape, withenriched LREE and fairly flat HREE profiles and a clear negative Eu anomaly. The geochemicalcharacteristics of the Red earth deposit are also identical to those of upper continental crust,thus indicating a wind-blown origin. Magnetostratigraphic investigation shows that onset of the Redearth deposition predates 11.4 Ma BP (13.6 Ma at a nearby site). The distribution of the reportedMiocene aeolian loess at Qin''an of the Loess Plateau is still unknown. Our results indicate thatthis aeolian deposit had extended to the northeastern Tibetan Plateau by at least the middleMiocene. The similarity of the element geochemistry between the Red earth deposit and the overlyingloess shows that they may have similar sources and dynamic transport system, and may indicate thatthe

关键词： Red earth deposit, Northeastern Tibetan Plateau, aeolian deposit, aridity of Asia, the middle Miocene.

Discovery of Permian island-arc basalts in the Cenxi area and the tectonic significance──A piece of evidence for the paleo-Tethyan tectonic belt in western Guangdong and eastern Guangxi

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Chinese Science Bulletin 1998年第21期43卷 1838-1842页

作者： ZHANG Boyou 1, ZHAO Zhenhua 1, SHI Manquan 1, YANG Shufeng 2.and CHEN Hanlin 2.1. Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of sciences, Guangzhou 510640, china 2. {2. of earth sciences, Zhejiang university, Hangzhou 31002., china Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou China department of earth {2. Zhejiang University Hangzhou China

Cenxi Permian basalts are the late Palaeozoic island-arc type basalts first found in South china. REE and trace element characteristics and distribution patterns show that this volcanic formation, which has been isotopically dated at 2.1 MaB.P. by the 39Ar/ 40Ar method, is of an active continental marginal island arc type, and that the tectonic environment at that time was an island-arc marginal sea or minor {2. basin related with the paleo-Tethyan tectonic belt in western Guangdong-eastern Guangxi.

关键词： spilite-keratophyre pillow lava Permian continental margin paleo-Tethyan evolution.

Transition from platemargin to intraplate environment: Geochemistry of basalts in Paleogene Liaohe basin, northeastern china

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Science china earth {2. 2005年第12期48卷 2069-2080页

作者： WU Changzhi1, GU Lianxing1, REN Zuowei1,2. ZHANG Zunzhong1, CHEN Zhenyan2.& ZHAO Ming1 1. State Key Laboratory of Mineral Deposit research (Nanjing university), {2. of earth sciences, Nanjing university, Nanjing 2.0093, china 2. Exploration and Development research Institute of Liaohe Oilfield Branch Company, Petrochina, Panjin 12.010, china 1. State Key Laboratory of Mineral Deposit research (Nanjing university) Department of Earth Sciences Nanjing University 210093 Nanjing China 2. Exploration and Development research Institute of Liaohe Oilfield Branch Company PetroChina 124010 Panjin China

Paleogene basalts from the Liaohe basin, northeastern china, are dominated by alkaline olivine basalts and olivine basalts. These basalts are generally enriched in high field strength elements (HFSE), depleted in large ion lithophile elements (LILE) and comparable to those of typical ocean island basalts (OIB). Positive anomalies of Ba, Sr and Zr with high Nb/U, U/Pb, Ce/Pb and Zr/Hf ratios imply that materials from an oceanic crust had been added to the mantle sources of the basalts. In addition, the basalts are generally depleted in Sr, Nd and Pb isotopes, indicating that an enriched mantle (EMI) and a depleted mantle (DM) sources were added to the OIB-like resource. Comprehensive research on lithosphere evolution and tectonic setting of the Liaohe basin and surrounding areas suggests that these basalts were derived by variable degrees of partial melt-ing from an upwelling asthenosphere mantle. Materials from an oceanic lithosphere were added to the source in company with Paleogene tectonic transition from platemargin to intraplate envi-ronment. Retreating and steepening of the subducting Pacific oceanic plate could be the main cause for the tectonic environment transition.

关键词： geochemistry, basalt, Paleogene, Liaohe basin, North china Block, eastern china.

A land surface model incorporated with soil freeze/thaw and its application in GAME/Tibet

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Science china earth {2. 2006年第12期49卷 1311-1322页

作者： HU Heping1, YE Baisheng2. ZHOU Yuhua3 & TIAN Fuqiang1 1. department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua university, Beijing 100084,{2. 2. Cold and Arid Regions environmental and Engineering research Institute, Chinese Academy of sciences, Lanzhou 730000,{2. 3. department of Civil Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of technology, USA 1. department of Hydraulic Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China 2. Cold and Arid Regions environmental and Engineering research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 China 3. department of Civil Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology USA

Land surface process is of great importance in global climate change, moisture and heat exchange in the interface of the earth and atmosphere, human impacts on the environment and eco- system, etc. Soil freeze/thaw plays an important role in cold land surface processes. In this work the diurnal freeze/thaw effects on energy partition in the context of GAME/Tibet are studied. A sophisti- cated land surface model is developed, the particular aspect of which is its physical consideration of soil freeze/thaw and vapor flux. The simultaneous water and heat transfer soil sub-model not only reflects the water flow from unfrozen zone to frozen fringe in freezing/thawing soil, but also demon- strates the change of moisture and temperature field induced by vapor flux from high temperature zone to low temperature zone, which makes the model applicable for various circumstances. The modified Picard numerical method is employed to help with the water balance and convergence of the numerical scheme. Finally, the model is applied to analyze the diurnal energy and water cycle char- acteristics over the Tibetan Plateau using the Game/Tibet datasets observed in May and July of 1998. Heat and energy transfer simulation shows that: (i) There exists a negative feedback mechanism between soil freeze/thaw and soil temperature/ground heat flux; (ii) during freezing period all three heat fluxes do not vary apparently, in spite of the fact that the negative soil temperature is higher than that not considering soil freeze; (iii) during thawing period, ground heat flux increases, and sensible heat flux decreases, but latent heat flux does not change much; and (iv) during freezing period, soil temperature decreases, though ground heat flux increases.

关键词： land surface model,soil freeze/thaw,GAME/Tibet,simultaneous liquid,vapor and heat transfer.

Isotopic compositions of small shelly fossil Anabarites from Lower Cambrian in Yangtze Platform of South china: Implications for palaeocean temperature

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Progress in Natural Science:Materials International 2007年第10期17卷 1185-1191页

作者： Chen Yongquan1,2. Jiang Shaoyong1, Ling Hongfei1, Yang Jinghong1 and Wan Defan3(1. State Key Laboatory for Mineral Deposits research and Center for Marine Geochemistry research, {2. of earth sciences, Nanjing university, Nanjing 2.0093, china 2. Tarim Oilfield Company Exploration & Development research Institute, Ku’erle 841000, china 3. Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological sciences, Beijing 100037, china) State Key Laboatory for Mineral Deposits research and Center for Marine Geochemistry research Department of Earth Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 China arim Oilfield Company Exploration & Development research Institute Ku’erle 841000 China Institute of Mineral Resources Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences Beijing 100037 China

Anabarites belong to small shelly fossils (SSF), which occur widely in the Lower Cambrian strata of Yangtze Platform in South china. They are phosphate shell in composition and represent the earliest stage of the Cambrian bioradiation of Bilateria, the so-called "Cambrian Explosion". In this study, we attempted to separate Anabarites fossils from Lower Cambrian dolostones, and we obtained samples of both the fossils (SSF) and the granular phosphates (GP). Isotopic analyses were performed on samples of SSF, GP, and matrix dolostone (DH-2.). The results showed that the δ30Si values of the quartz filling in fossils celoms, and the siliceous materials in granular phosphates are -0.6‰ and -0.7‰, which is different from normal sedimentary siliceous rocks from the Lower Cambrian strata (0—0.7‰) as reported by Li et al., but is consistent with the data for siliceous rocks and cherts of submarine hydrothermal origin. It is likely that a later hydrothermal replacement could have taken place in the SSF-bearing sedimentary rocks. The oxygen isotope values of the phosphate of SSF and GP are 16.8‰ and 17.0‰, respectively. These are significantly higher than the Neoproterozoic phosphate ores (10.9‰—13.9‰) as reported by Ling et al., hence, late diagenesis and hydrothermal replacement may not have caused a significant change in the oxygen isotope compositions of the small shelly fossils, and the calculated temperatures (2..4—2..3℃) for palaeo-seawater using a SSF phosphate oxygen isotope thermometer are therefore considered here as the upper limit of seawater temperature in the Early Cambrian ocean of the Yangtze Platform.

关键词： Anabarites oxygen isotope silicon isotope paleo-temperature.

A primary study of the correlation between the net air-sea heat flux and the interannual variation of western North Pacific tropical cyclone track and intensity

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Acta oceanologica Sinica 2011年第6期30卷 27-35页

作者： WU Liang WEN Zhiping HUANG Ronghui Center for Monsoon and environment research/{2. of Atmospheric sciences Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510275 China Center for Monsoon System research Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 China

A singular value decomposition （SVD） analysis is carried out to reveal the relationship between the interannual variation of track and intensity of the western North Pacific tropical cyclones （WNPTCs） in the tropical cyclone （TC） active season （July–November） and the global net air-sea heat flux （Q net ） in the preceding season （April–June）. For this purpose, a tropical cyclone track and intensity function （TIF） is defined by a combination of accumulated cyclone energy （ACE） index and a cyclone track density function. The SVD analysis reveals that the first mode is responsible for the positive correlation between the upward heat flux in the tropical central Pacific and the increased activity of western North Pacific （WNP） TIF, the second mode for the positive correlation between the upward heat flux in the North Indian ocean and the northeastward track shift of WNPTCs and the third mode for the negative correlation between the upward heat flux in mid-latitude central Pacific and the northwest displacement of the WNP TC-active center. This suggests that Q net anomalies in some key regions have a substantial remote impact on the WNP TC activity.

关键词： tropical cyclone western North Pacific the net air-sea heat flux (Q net ) interannual variation