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Magnetic properties of Jiaxian red clay sequences from northern Chinese Loess Plateau and its paleoclimatic significance

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Science china earth {2. 2005年第8期48卷 1234-1245页

作者： QIANG xiaoke, AN Zhisheng, LI Huamei, CHANG Hong & SONG Yougui 1. SKLLQG, institute of earth {2., Chinese {3. of sciences, xi’an 710075, china 2. Guangzhou institute of Geochemistry, Chinese {3. of sciences, Guangzhou 510640, china Chinese academy of sciences SKLLQG Institute of Earth Environment Xi’an China Chinese academy of sciences Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry Guangzhou China

Detailed rock magnetism investigation of the Jiaxian red clay sequences indicated that there are common magnetic mineralogy properties in red clay and loess-paleosol sequences from the Chinese Loess Plateau as well as the marked properties of themselves, magnetic min-erals mainly with magnetite, maghemite, hematite, and possibly limonite/goethite contributing to the magnetic behavior. Meanwhile, it is found that the strong paleosol in red clay sequences has a lower coercivity and higher content of ultra-fine ferrimagnetic grains than that of the weak pa-leosol, which is similar to loess and paleosol in upper Wucheng Loess sequences, and indicates that humid conditions and relatively strong pedogenesis play a significant role in the increase of ultra-fine magnetic minerals and transformation of the magnetic minerals. This suggests that, like Quaternary loess-paleosols, the change of characteristics of paleoclimatic conditions of the late Tertiary red clay deposits is fluctuant. In addition, the results of magnetic hysteresis properties show that the applied saturated field for samples from the Jiaxian red clay sequences is higher than that of the samples from eastern and southern Chinese Loess Plateau. It is obviously shown that there exist more hard magnetic minerals and relatively weak biochemical processes in the Jiaxian red clay sequences on northern Chinese Loess Plateau. We conclude that the paleocli-matic environment is different between northern and eastern/southern Chinese Loess Plateau, and it should be more arid in northern Chinese Loess Plateau.

关键词： northern Chinese Loess Plateau, red clay, magnetic property, paleoclimatic significance.

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Grain-size features of a Miocene loess-soil sequence at Qinan: Implications on its origin

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Science china earth {2. 2006年第7期49卷 731-738页

作者： QIAO Yansong1,3. GUO Zhengtang2.1, HAO Qingzhen1, YIN Qiuzhen1, YUAN Baoyin1 & LIU Tungsheng1 1. institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese academy of {2., Beijing 10002., china 2. institute of earth environment, Chinese academy of {2., xi’an 710075, china 3. institute of Geomechanics, Chinese academy of Geological {2., Beijing 100081, china institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China institute of Geomechanics Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences Beijing China institute of earth {2. Chinese Academy of Sciences Xi’an China

In this study, grain-size of 507 bulk samples from the QA-I Mioceneloess-soil sequence at Qinan were analyzed, and the grain-size features are compared with those oftypical Quaternary loess and soil samples, representative lacustrine and fluvial samples. Theresults indicate that the grain-size distribution pattern of the Miocene loess is essentiallysimilar to that of Quaternary loess, but greatly differs from the lacustrine and fluvial *** layers are regularly coarser than soil layers, indicating cyclical climate changes. Mediangrain-size along the 2.3.1 m sequence varies from 6 to 13.μm and the > 63.μm fraction representsonly 5.3. in maximum, 0.9% in average. Long-term grain-size variations are consistent with the loessaccumulation rate at Qinan and with the eolian mass accumulation rate in the North Pacific. Thesefeatures firmly indicate an eolian origin of the studied sequence, and also reveal a coeval changesbetween the long-term changes of eolian grain-size and continental aridity in the dust sourceregions.

关键词： Qinan, Miocene loess-soil sequence, grain-size, eolian origin.

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environmental characteristics of Mid-Holocene recorded by lacustrine sediments from Lake Daihai, north environment sensitive zone,{2.

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Science china earth {2. 2006年第9期49卷 968-981页

作者： SUN Qianli1,2. ZHOU Jie1, SHEN Ji3. CHEN Peng1,2. WU Feng1,2.& xiE xiuping1,2.1. State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology, institute of earth {2., Chinese academy of sciences, xi’an 710075, china 2. Graduate University of Chinese academy of sciences, Beijing 10003., china 3. Nanjing institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese academy of sciences, Nanjing 2.0008, china State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology Institute of Earth Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences Xi’an China Graduate University of Chinese academy of sciences Beijing China Nanjing institute of Geography and Limnology Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanjing China

Climate proxies, such as total organic carbon and nitrogen (TOC, TN), carbonate content (CaCO3., grain-size and pollen of the sediment core retrieved from enclosed Lake Daihai which lies in the north china environment sensitive zone are analyzed to reconstruct the environment evolution of the area based on high-resolution radiocarbon chronology. The results reveal that the TOC and TN contents of the sediments correlate well with pollen percentage and pollen flux variations during the Holocene, and both reach their peak values simultaneously at 6.7―3.5 ka BP (calendar age, 7.6―3.6 ka BP). Since 6.7 ka BP, both the CaCO3.and organic matter contents of the core have simultaneous variations, and their high values also occur during 6.7―3.5 ka BP. While during 9.0―6.7 ka BP (calendar age, 10―7.6 ka BP) relatively lower level of organic matter content and pollen flux corre- spond to the higher level of carbonate content. The above relations suggest that during 6.7―3.5 ka BP, the productivity and effective precipitation were greatly improved in the lake drainage area, and this would probably strengthen the hydrodynamic conditions, enhancing organic matter, pollen and carbonate inputs from terrestrial sources. Such processes would account for the enrichment of both organic matter and carbonate in the sediments. While during 9.0―6.7 ka BP, the lower level of or- ganic matter, pollen flux but high carbonate content show depressed productivity and declined vege- tation coverage. The higher carbonate content at this stage would have probably resulted from the higher evaporation ratio of the lake water under relatively drier climate conditions. Therefore, it is in- ferred that during 6.7―3.5 ka BP, the climate was more humid with abundant rainfalls and vegetation was more flourishing in the Lake Daihai area. This can be seen as Holocene Climate Optimum (HCO). As a result, this has evident discrepancies with the traditional notion that the HCO occurs at Early Holocene or early Mid

关键词： Lake Daihai, Mid-Holocene, lacustrine sediments, environmental characteristics.

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Physical mechanisms of plant roots affecting weathering and leaching of loess soil

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Science china earth {2. 2006年第9期49卷 1002-1008页

作者： LI Yong1,2. ZHANG Qingwen1,2. WAN Guojiang3. HUANG Ronggui3. PIAO Hechun3. BAI Lingyu2.& LI Lu2.1. State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese academy of {2., Yangling 712.00, china 2. institute of Agro-environment and Sustainable Development, Chinese academy of Agricultural {2., Beijing 100081, china 3. institute of Geochemistry, Chinese academy of {2., Guiyang 550002. china State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau Institute of Soil and Water Conservation Chinese Academy of Sciences Yangling China institute of Agro-environment and Sustainable Development Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing China institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guiyang China

Plant roots have potential impacts on soil mineral weathering and *** objective is to understand the physical mechanisms of plant roots affecting weathering andleaching of loess soil. Root densities were measured through the method of a large-size dug profile,and transport fluxes of soil elements were determined using an undisturbed monolith soilinfiltration device on the hilly and gully regions of the Chinese Loess Plateau. The results showthat the improvement effects of soil environment by plant roots are mainly controlled by the densityand weight of the fibrous roots with the diameters less than 1 mm. Plant roots have the strongereffects on soil physical properties than chemical properties. The principal components analysis(PCA) indicates that soil physical properties by plant roots account for 56.7% of variations in soilenvironment whereas soil chemical properties and pH contribute about 2..2. of the soil *** roles of plant roots in controlling soil weathering and leaching increased in the followingorder: infiltration enhancement > increase of bio-active substance > stabilization of soilstructure. The effects of plant roots on soil mineral weathering and leaching can be quantifiedusing the multiple regression models with the high prediction accuracies developed in this study.

关键词： plant roots, soil weathering and leaching rates, soil environment field, principal components analysis (PCA), Chinese Loess Plateau.

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Impacts of permafrost changes on alpine ecosystem in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

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Science china earth {2. 2006年第11期49卷 1156-1169页

作者： WANG Genxu1,3., LI Yuanshou2., WU Qingbai2.& WANG Yibo3.1. institute of Mountain Hazards and {3., Chinese {2. of sciences, Chengdu 610041, china 2. Cold and Arid Regions {3.al and Engineering Research institute, Chinese {2. of sciences, Lanzhou 73.000, china 3. Resource and {3. School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 73.000, china institute of Mountain Hazards and environment Chinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu China Resource and environment School Lanzhou University Lanzhou China Cold and Arid Regions environmental and Engineering Research institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou China

Alpine cold ecosystem with permafrost environment is quite sensitive to climatic changes and the changes in permafrost can significantly affect the alpine ecosystem. The vegetation coverage, grassland biomass and soil nutrient and texture are selected to indicate the regime of alpine cold ecosystems in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The interactions between alpine ecosystem and permafrost were investigated with the depth of active layer, permafrost thickness and mean annual ground temperature (MAGTs). Based on the statistics model of GPTR for MAGTs and annual air temperatures, an analysis method was developed to analyze the impacts of permafrost changes on the alpine ecosystems. Under the climate change and human engineering activities, the permafrost change and its impacts on alpine ecosystems in the permafrost region between the Kunlun Mountains and the Tanggula Range of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are studied in this paper. The results showed that the per- mafrost changes have a different influence on different alpine ecosystems. With the increase in the thickness of active layer, the vegetation cover and biomass of the alpine cold meadow exhibit a significant conic reduction, the soil organic matter content of the alpine cold meadow ecosystem shows an exponential decrease, and the surface soil materials become coarse and gravelly. The alpine cold steppe ecosystem, however, seems to have a relatively weak relation to the permafrost environment. Those relationships resulted in the fact that the distribution area of alpine cold meadow decreased by 7.98% and alpine cold swamp decreased by 2..11% under the permafrost environment degradation during recent 15 years. In the future 50 years the alpine cold meadow ecosystems in different geomorphologic units may have different responses to the changes of the permafrost under different climate warming conditions, among them the alpine cold meadow and swamp ecosystem located in the low mountain and plateau area will have a relatively

关键词： permafrost environment, alpine cold ecosystem, statistics relationship, climate change, impacts, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

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Impact of land-use change on hydrological processes in the Maying River basin, china

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Science china earth {2. 2006年第10期49卷 1098-1110页

作者： WANG Genxu1,3. ZHANG Yu2. LIU Guimin2.& CHEN Lin3.1. institute of Mountain Hazards and {3., Chinese {2. of sciences, Chengdu 610041, china 2. Cold and Arid Regions {3.al and Engineering Research institute, Chinese {2. of sciences, Lanzhou 73.000, china 3. Resource and {3. School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 73.000, china institute of Mountain Hazards and environment Chinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu China Resource and environment School Lanzhou University Lanzhou China Cold and Arid Regions environmental and Engineering Research institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou China

Since the 1960s, dramatic changes have taken place in land-use patterns characterized by the persistent expansion of cultivated land and a continuous decrease in natural woodland and grassland in the arid inland river basins of china. It is very important to assess the effects of such land-use changes on the hydrological processes so vital for water resource management and sustainable development on the catchment scale. The Maying River catchment, a typical arid inland watershed located in the middle of the Hexi Corridor in northwest china, was the site chosen to investigate the hydrological responses to land-use changes. The annual runoff, base flow, maximum peak flow, and typical seasonal runoff in both spring and autumn flood periods were selected as the variables in the hydrological processes. Statistical-trend analysis and curvilinear regression were utilized to detect the trends in hydrological variables while eliminating the climatic influence. The relationship between cultivated land-use and hydrological variables was analyzed based on four periods of land-use variation data collected since 1965. A runoff model was established composed of two factors, i.e., cultivated land use and precipitation. The impact of land use changes, especially in the large ar- eas of upstream woodland and grassland turned into cultivated lands since 1967, has resulted in a mean annual runoff decrease of 2..12., a base flow decline of 3..3.2}, a drop in the maximum peak discharge of 3..77%, and mean discharge decreases in spring and autumn of 3..05% and 2..87% respectively, of which the contribution of cultivated land expansion to the influence of annual runoff amounts to 77%-80%, with the contribution to the influence of spring discharge being 73.-81%, and that to the influence of base flow reaching 62.-65%. Thus, a rational regulation policy of land use patterns is vitally important to the sustainable use of water resources and the proper development of the entire catchment.

关键词： land-use change, arid inland river catchment, hydrological process, impact, Maying River.

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Digital image analysis of palaeoenvironmental records and applications

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2002年第23期47卷 1957-1963,2025-2026页

作者： SUN Donghuai1,2. LIU Yu2.& TAN Ming3.. South china Sea {3. of Oceanology, Chinese {2. of sciences. Guangzhou 5103.1, china 2. State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, earth environmental {3., Chinese {2. of sciences,{13., china 3. {3. of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese {2. of sciences, Beijing 10002., china South china Sea institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou China State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology Earth Environmental Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Xi’an China institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China

environmental change signals in geological or biological records are commonly reflected on their reflecting or transmitting images. These environmental signals can be extracted through digital image analysis. The analysis principle involves section line selection, color value reading and calculating environmental proxy index along the section lines, layer identification, auto-chronology and investigation of structure evolution of growth bands. On detailed illustrations of the image technique, this note provides image analyzing procedures of coral, tree-ring and stalagmite records. The environmental implications of the proxy index from image analysis are accordingly given through application demonstration of the image technique.

关键词： digital image environmental records.

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Geomorphologic evidence of phased uplift of the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau since 14 million years ago

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Science china earth {2. 2004年第9期47卷 822-833页

作者： LU Huayu1, WANG xiaoyong1, AN Zhisheng1, MIAO xiaodong1, ZHU Rixiang3. MA Haizhou2. LI Zhen4, TAN Hongbing2.& WANG xianyan1 1. State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, institute of {3. {2., Chinese academy of sciences, xi’an 710075 china 2. Qinghai institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese academy of sciences. xining 810008, china 3. institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese academy of sciences, Beijing 10002., china 4. Department of Geography, Qinghai Normal University, xining 810008, china State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology Institute of Earth Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences Xi’an China institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Qinghai institute of Salt Lakes Chinese Academy of Sciences Xining China Department of Geography Qinghai Normal University Xining China

A typical sequence of fluvial terraces and aeolian deposits overlying these ter- races were multidisciplinary investigated. New evidences for uplift process of the northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in the past 14 million years were obtained. At least 11 river terraces along Huangshui, the first-class tributary of Yellow River, at the xining-Huzhu region are identi- fied. While the first one (T1) is classified as an accumulation terrace, the others are all basement river terraces, which consist of the Tertiary sandstone and siltstone bedrock, fluvial gravel and pebbles and the overlying aeolian loess-Red Clay deposit. Samples from the aeolian deposits were examined for paleomagnetic stratigraphic reconstruction (103. samples), luminescence dating (16 samples), magnetic susceptibility and grain-size distribution (more than 4000 sam- ples). The luminescence dating and stratigraphic correlation suggest that terraces of Tll, T10, T8, T7, T3. T2. T1 were formed at 14, 11.3. 1.55, 1.2. 0.15, 0.07 and 0.01 million years ago, re- spectively. Sedimentological analysis and geomorphological observation indicate that formation and evolution of these terraces were mainly driven by tectonic uplift. Therefore, the terrace se- quence provides an ideal geological record, of the uplift process of the northeastern during the past 14 million years, and the timings of the terraces formation are regarded as the timings of tectonic uplift. The significant uplifting events took place at 14, 11.3. 1.2.and 0.15 mil- lion years ago, respectively. The fluvial incision at the xining-Huzhu region is less than 100 m during a period of ~12.million years in the Miocene era (between the Tll and T9), while the Huangshui River had incised 43.0}m during the past 1.2.million years (from T7 to the present floodplain). The river incision process clearly demonstrates that accelerated rising of the north- eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau during the late Cenozoic, and provides new evidence of previous thoughts

关键词： river terrace, tectonic uplift, loess-Red Clay, the past 14 million years, northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

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Paleoenvironments indicated by the fossil mammalian assemblages from red clay-loess sequence in the Chinese Loess Plateau since 8.0 Ma B.P.

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Science china earth {2. 2006年第5期49卷 518-530页

作者： XUE xiangxu1,2. ZHANG Yunxiang1,2.& YUE Leping1,2.1. State Key Laboratory of Continent Dynamics (Northwest University), {3. of Cenozoic Geology and environment, De- partment of Geology, Northwest University, xi’an 710069,{2. 2. institute of earth environment, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Chinese academy of sciences, xi’an 710075,{2. State Key Laboratory of Continent Dynamics (Northwest University) Institute of Cenozoic Geology and Environment Department of Geology Northwest University Xi’an China institute of earth {2. State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology Chinese Academy of Sciences Xi’an China

Information from eleven profiles of eolian earthy red silty clay and loess of the middle of the Late Miocene to Holocene age have been studied and correlated. A complete summary profile with projected isotopic ages and fossil-bearing beds has been assembled. The profile is subdivided into 12.stratigraphic units proceeding from the lower (older) to the upper (younger) one. The character of mammalian assemblages contained in each unit was analyzed and the corresponding pa- leo-climatic environments were deduced. The environmental character of each period and the change from the middle of the Late Miocene at about 8.0 Ma B.P. up to the Holocene progressed from the hot semiarid and semi-moist, warmer-moist, warm-moister of the Late Miocene. To slightly less warm moist, cool-dry, slight-warmer-moister of the Pliocene; later the cool to cold dry periods alternated frequently with the mild semiarid and semi-moist periods of the Quaternary. Vegetation progressed from the grasslands with sparse woods, wooded shrub-grasslands and subtropical forest-grasslands of the Late Miocene age to sparse grasslands and dry grasslands of the Pliocene; and to sparse grasslands, dry grasslands and tundras of the Quaternary. The climate changes in the Neogene were of low-amplitute in a generally warm-humid background. Those of the Quaternary were of higher am- plitude with a longer phase. Cool or cold dry and slightly warm semiarid and semi-moist climates al- ternated on a generally cool-dry background. The tendency since the start of the Quaternary was the change to more northern and western shift in the Loess Plateau, with progressively cooler and dryer conditions. The dramatic uplift of the Qinghai-xizang (Tibet) Plateau and the forming and expansion of the Arctic ice sheet might be the main reasons of the more pronounced changes in the Quaternary.

关键词： paleoenvironment, mammalian fossils, eolian red clay-loess sequence, Loess Plateau.

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Origin of the Red earth sequence on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau and its implications for regional aridity since the middle Miocene

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Science china earth {2. 2006年第5期49卷 505-517页

作者： WANG xianyan1,7, LU Huayu1,2. JI Junfeg3. WANG xiaoyong1,7, ZHAO Jingbo4, HUANG Baochun5 & LI Zhen6 1. SKLLQG, institute of earth {2., Chinese academy of sciences, xi’an 710075, china 2. Department of Urban and Resources sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 2.0093. china 3. Department of earth sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 2.0093. china 4. Department of Geography, Shaanxi Normal University, xi’an 710062. china 5. institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese academy of sciences, Beijing 10002., china 6 Department of Geography, Qinghai Normal University, xining 810008, china 7. Graduate School of the Chinese academy of sciences, Beijing 10003., china SKLLQG Institute of Earth Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences Xi’an China Graduate School of the Chinese academy of sciences Beijing China Department of Urban and Resources sciences Nanjing University Nanjing China Department of earth sciences Nanjing University Nanjing China Department of Geography Shaanxi Normal University Xi’an China institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Department of Geography Qinghai Normal University Xining China

The Red earth deposit around xining, northeastern Tibetan Plateau, has beenstudied in terms of soil micro-structure, grain-size distribution, major- and trace-elementchemistry and magne-tostratigraphy. Field investigations indicate that the Red earth sequenceconsists of 2. visually definable yellow-brown and weakly-developed soils interbedded with reddishstrongly-developed soils, and has a similar structure to the aeolian Red Clay deposit on the ChineseLoess Plateau. Grain-size analysis shows that the Red earth deposit is very fine-grained with anegligible sand fraction ( > 63.μm). Thin-section observations under light microscopy show that thedeposit has a clayey texture and the coarse fraction ( > 10 μm) mainly consists of quartz,feldspar and micas. Pyroxene and hornblende were also observed. This mineralogical composition ofthe coarse fraction is similar to that of the Quaternary loess. In addition, all of the mineralgrains are semi angular semi-angular and are generally finer than 63.μm. There is a good agreementbetween the major and minor trace element chemistry of loess-soil units and the Red earth *** REE distributions of the loess-soil and the Red earth deposit are similar in shape, withenriched LREE and fairly flat HREE profiles and a clear negative Eu anomaly. The geochemicalcharacteristics of the Red earth deposit are also identical to those of upper continental crust,thus indicating a wind-blown origin. Magnetostratigraphic investigation shows that onset of the Redearth deposition predates 11.4 Ma BP (13.6 Ma at a nearby site). The distribution of the reportedMiocene aeolian loess at Qin''an of the Loess Plateau is still unknown. Our results indicate thatthis aeolian deposit had extended to the northeastern Tibetan Plateau by at least the middleMiocene. The similarity of the element geochemistry between the Red earth deposit and the overlyingloess shows that they may have similar sources and dynamic transport system, and may indicate thatthe

关键词： Red earth deposit, Northeastern Tibetan Plateau, aeolian deposit, aridity of Asia, the middle Miocene.

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