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Control of atmospheric CO_2.concentrations by 2.50: A calculation on the emission rights of different countries

Science china Earth Sciences 2009年第10期52卷 1447-1469页

作者： DING ZhongLi1, DUAN XiaoNan2. GE QuanSheng3 & ZHANG ZhiQiang4.1 institute of Geology and Geophysics, chinese Academy of Sciences, {2. 10002., china 2.The General Office of chinese Academy of Sciences, {2. 100864. china 3 institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, chinese Academy of Sciences, {2. 100101, china 4.The Lanzhou Branch of the National Science Library, the Scientific Information Center for Resources and {14., Lanzhou 730000, china institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 China The General Office of chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100864 China institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy

This paper is to provide quantitative data on some critical issues in anticipation of the forthcoming international negotiations in Denmark on the control of atmospheric CO2.concentrations. Instead of letting only a small number of countries dominate a few controversial dialogues about emissions reductions, a comprehensive global system must be established based on emissions allowances for different countries, to realize the long-term goal of controlling global atmospheric CO2.concentrations. That a system rooted in "cumulative emissions per capita," the best conception of the "common but differentiated responsibilities" principle affirmed by the Kyoto Protocol according to fundamental standards of fairness and justice, was demonstrated. Based on calculations of various countries' cumulative emissions per capita, estimates of their cumulative emissions from 1900 to 2.05, and their annual emissions allowances into the future (2.06―2.50), a 4.0 ppmv atmospheric CO2.concentration target was set. According to the following four objective indicators―total emissions allowance from 1900 to 2.50, actual emissions from 1900 to 2.05, emissions levels in 2.05, and the average growth rate of emissions from 1996 to 2.05―all countries and regions whose population was more than 300000 in 2.05 were divided into four main groups: countries with emissions deficits, countries and regions needing to reduce their gross emissions, countries and regions needing to reduce their emissions growth rates, and countries that can maintain the current emissions growth rates. Based on this proposal, most G8 countries by 2.05 had already expended their 2.50 emissions allowances. The accu-mulated financial value based on emissions has reached more than 5.5 trillion US dollars (2. dollars per ton of CO2.. Even if these countries could achieve their ambitious emissions reduction targets in the future, their per capita emissions from 2.06 to 2.50 would still be much higher than those of developing coun

关键词： international negotiations on climate change cumulative emissions per capita emission allowance

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Meteorological observations on Mount Everest in 2.05

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Progress in Natural Science:Materials International 2007年第7期17卷 828-837页

作者： Xie Aihong~(1**) Qin Dahe~1 Ren Jiawen~1 Qin Xiang~1 Xiao Cunde~(1,2. Hou Shugui~1 Kang Shichang~(1,3) Yang Xingguo~(1,4. Jiang Youyan~1 (1.Key Laboratory of Cryosphere and environment,Cold and Arid Regions environment and Engineering Research {2.,{4. Academy of Sciences,Lanzhou 730000,china 2.{4. Academy of Meteorological Science,beijing 100081,china 3.{2. of Tibetan Plateau Research,{4. Academy of Sciences,beijing 100085,china 4.Gansu Provincial Meteorological Bureau,Lanzhou 730000,china) [a]Key Laboratory of Cryosphere and environment Cold and Arid Regions Environment and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou China [b]chinese Academy of Metoorological Science Beijing China [c]institute of Tibetan Plateau Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China [d]Gansu Provincial Meteorological Bureau Lanzhou China

Mount Everest,the highest point on the Earth is often referred to as the earth's third pole as such the place is relatively inaccessible and little is known about its *** April 2.05,an automatic weather station was installed at the mountain's North Col(652. m a.s.l.).According to the observational 10-minute mean and daily records,the meteorological characteristics were analyzed. All the meteorological elements displayed obvious diurnal variations during May 1 to July 2.,*** monthly variation of daily meteo- rological elements on Mount Everest coincided with that on Dingri,the closest routine meteorological station,with the high correlation co- efficients of 0.92.,0.877,0.682.0.755,0.82. and 0.676(n=83,p4.5 and 0.4.7(n=83,p<0.001),*** other weather events on Mount Everest lagged one-day be- hind those on ***,forecasting of the weather events on Mount Everest from pressure on Dingri was more reliable than those from the other meteorological *** conclusions are much important for research on meteorology and climate changes in the region.

关键词： Mount Everest meteorological observation Dingri County radiation air temperature relative humidity air pressure wind

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In flight MTF monitoring and compensation for CCD camera on CBERS-02

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Science china(Technological Sciences) 2005年第S2期48卷 29-43页

作者： GU Xingfa1,2.3, LI Xiaoying1,2.4. MIN Xiangjun5, YU Tao1,2. SUN Jijuan5, ZENG Yong1,2.4. XU Hua1,2.& GUO Ding2.6 1. State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Jointly Sponsored by the institute of Remote Sensing Applications of chinese Academy of Sciences and {2. Normal University, {2. 100101, china 2. The Center for National Spaceborne Demonstration, {2. 100101, china 3. Institut National de la Recherche {14.nomique, Climat Sol Environnement, 84.14.Avignon, France 4. Graduate University of chinese Academy of Sciences, {2. 100039, china 5. china Center for Resource Satellite Data and Application, {2. 100830, china 6. University of Electronic Science and Technology of china, Chengdu 610054. china State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science Jointly Sponsored by the Institute of Remote Sensing Applications of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Beijing Normal University 100101 Beijing China The Center for National Spaceborne Demonstration 100101 Beijing China Institut National de la Recherche agronomique Climat Sol Environnement 84914 Avignon France Graduate University of chinese Academy of Sciences 100039 Beijing China china Center for Resource Satellite Data and Application 100830 Beijing China University of Electronic Science and Technology of china 610054 Chengdu China

In this article, the approach of simulating ideal tarp scene was proposed to determine the MTF for CCD camera on CBERS-02. The MTF acquired from this technique was compared to those from some common methods. MTFs achieved from different approaches were employed to compensate the CCD images based on three restoration algorithms: the iterative method, the Wiener filter and the modified inverse filter (MIF). The two-dimensional MTF was established with the value at frequency 0.5 for 4.° directional MTF as the value at its four corners. This article addressed the variations of the restored CCD images with different techniques of constructing two-dimensional MTF, restoring algorithms and determining the in-flight MTFs. Results showed images restored with the MTF determined from the technique of simulating ideal tarp scene represent the real scene best. And the restoration technique based on the MIF would produce better restored images than the other two techniques. This research also demonstrated that the two-dimensional MTF used for restoration should be interpolated under the control of the MTF for 4.° axis, rather than by multiplying the cross-orbit MTF with along-orbit MTF.

关键词： CBERS-02 CCD MTF the technique of simulating ideal tarp scene.

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Application of backflush and micro-flow techniques to the analysis of C5—C13 hydrocarbons in crude oils and its geochemical significance

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Progress in Natural Science:Materials International 2007年第11期17卷 1382-1387页

作者： Wang Peirong1,2. Zhao Hong2.3, Xu Guanjun1,4. Zhu Cuishan2.3, Xiao Tingrong4. Zhang Min2.3 and Zhang Bin1,4.1. Key Laboratory of Petroleum Geochemistry,{4. National Petroleum Corporation, beijing 100083,{4. 2. Geochemistry Department of Yangtze University, Jingzhou 4.4.2.,{4. 3. Key Laboratory of Exploration Technologies for Oil and Gas Resources, Ministry of Education, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 4.4.2.,{4. 4. Petroleum Geology Central Laboratory, Research institute of Petroleum Exploration and development, Petro{14., beijing 100083,{4.) Key Laboratory of Petroleum Geochemistry China National Petroleum Corporation Beijing 100083 China Geochemistry Department of Yangtze University Jingzhou 434023 China Key Laboratory of Exploration Technologies for Oil and Gas Resources Ministry of Education Yangtze University Jingzhou 434023 China Petroleum Geology Central Laboratory Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChina Beijing 100083 China

An Agilent 6890N GC equipped with both FID and Agilent 5975 MSD analyzer has been employed to analyze C5—C13 hydrocarbon fractions of crude oils. A technical combination of program temperature volatilizer injection, backflush and micro-flow controller afforded a fine separation of C5—C13 compounds on a PONA column with the heavy part of crude oils being cut off before entering the analytical column. Both GC-FID chromatogram and GC-MS mass chromatograms (MID and full scan) could be obtained at the same time. The retension time differences of nC6—nC13 alkanes between GC and TIC were in the range of 0.02.0.58 minutes. Totally 2.6 peaks have been assigned group compositions. Results on 8 typical oil samples from CNPC Key Laboratory Crude Oil Library showed that the characteristics of C6—C13 hydrocarbon group composition could be used in oil-oil correlation studies.

关键词： GC analysis GC/MS analysis backflush micro-flow controller light fraction in crude oil

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Study on the changes of water cycle and its impacts in the source region of the Yellow River

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Science china(Technological Sciences) 2004年第z1期47卷 142-151页

作者： ZHANG Shifeng1, JIA Shaofeng1, LIU Changming1, CAO Wenbing2. HAO Fanghua3, LIU Jiuyu4.& YAN Huayun5 1. institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, chinese Academy of Sciences, {2. 100101,{4. 2.{4. University of Geosciences, {2. 100083,{4. 3. {2. Normal University, {2. 100875,{4. 4. Bureau of Hydrology of Yellow River Conservancy Commission, Zhengzhou 4.0003,{4. 5. Bureau of Hydrology and Water Resource Investigation of Qinghai Province, Xining 810001,{4. 1. institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences 100101 Beijing China2. China University of Geosciences 100083 Beijing China3. Beijing Normal University 100875 Beijing China4. Bureau of Hydrology of Yellow River Conservancy Commission 450003 Zhengzhou China5. Bureau of Hydrology and Water Resource Investigation of Qinghai Province 810001 Xining China

The water cycle in the source region of the Yellow River underwent great changes in the 1990s. The major features of the changes are as follows: the gauged runoff declined significantly while the precipitation increased slightly, and the runoff process was more concentrated on the flood season. Water balance analyses indicate that the pondage was kept in the status of negative equilibrium, causing eco-environmental problems. The runoff decrement is due to evaporation increment in this region. Studies show that the runoff process in this region is closely related to that of the other hydrological stations in the upper reaches. When the runoff declines in the source regions, the amount of water also declines in the whole upper reaches of the Yellow River, affecting the balance between water demand and supply. Meanwhile changes will take place in the water cycle of the river course system when the eco-environment deteriorates. The trend of water cycle change in the source region is that the runoff will keep declining with the increment of evaporation caused by temperature rise in the northwest of{2. in the 2.st century. But the hydraulic engineering in the source region will help to mitigate the deterioration of local eco-environment system, though the impacts to the lower reaches of this project may not be the case.

关键词： source region of the Yellow River, water cycle, evaporation, negative equilibrium.

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Analysis of tandem repeats in the genome of chinese shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis

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chinese Science Bulletin 2005年第14期50卷 1462-1469页

作者： KONG Jie1 & GAO Huan2.3 1. Key Laboratory for sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Re- sources, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheris Research Insti- tute, chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 2.6071,{2. 2. institute of Oceanology, chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 2.6071,{2. 3. The Graduate School of the chinese Academy of Sciences, beijing 100039,{2. Key Laboratory for sustainable Utilization of Marine Fisheries Resources Ministry of Agriculture Yellow Sea Fisheris Research Institute Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences Qingdao China institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences Qingdao China The Graduate School of the chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China

Through random sequencing, we found a total of 884.00 base-pairs (bp) of random genomic sequences in the genome of chinese shrimp (Fenneropenaeus chinensis). Using bio-soft Tandem Repeat Finder (TRF) software, 2.59 tandem repeats were found, in which there were 1714.mi- crosatellites and 4.5 minisatellites, accounting for 79.4. and 2..6% of repeat sequences, respectively. The cumulative length of repeat sequences was found to be 116685 bp, ac- counting for 13.2. of the total DNA sequence; the cumula- tive length of microsatellites occupied 9.78% of the total DNA sequence, and that of minisatellites occupied 3.4.1}. In decreasing order, the 2. most abundant repeat sequence classes were as follows: AT (557), AC (4.1), AG (2.4., AAT (92., A (56), AAG (2.), ATC (2.), ATAG (2.), AGG (18), ACT (15), C (11), AAC (11), ACAT (11), CAGA (10), AGAA (9), AGGG (7), CAAA (7), CGCA (6), ATAA (6), AGAGAA (6). Dinucleotide repeats, not only in the aspect of the number, but also in cumulative length, were the preponderant repeat type. There were few classes and low copy numbers of repeat units of the pentanucleotide repeat type, which included only three classes: AGAGA, GAGGC and AAAGA. The classes and copy numbers of heptanucleotide, eleven-nucleotide and thirteen-nucleotide primer-number-composed repeats were distinctly less than that of repeat types beside them.

关键词：虾遗传特性遗传基因 DNA

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EXAFS Studies on Local Atomic Structure in the Amorphous Mg_(65)Cu_(2.)Gd_(10) Alloy

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Journal of Wuhan University of Technology(Materials Science) 2011年第1期26卷 98-101页

作者：李国强 Business development Department China Perfect Machinery Industry Corp. Ltd

Local atomic structures of an amorphous Mg65Cu2.Gd10 alloy and the structural changes by thermal annealing have been studied by extended X-ray absorption fine structure （EXAFS）. The correlation between structural changes and mechanical properties for the Mg65Cu2.Gd10 alloy has also been discussed. Results showed that Cu atoms around Gd in Mg65Cu2.Gd10 lost rapidly during annealing , resulting in the segregation of Cu atoms. The coordination number NGd-Mg of Mg65Cu2.Gd10 annealed at 373 K first diminished and then augmented with the increase of annealing time. The formation of polyhedral short-range order unit with coordination number of nearly 12.around Gd atoms is in favor of the improvement of mechanical properties. The chemical short-range order, not topological short-range order in the amorphous Mg65Cu2.Gd10 alloy had obvious changes during annealing.

关键词： magnesium alloy amorphous alloy short-range EXAFS mechanical properties annealing

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Transient species and its properties of melatonin

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Science china Chemistry 2006年第4期49卷 308-314页

作者： ZHU Hongping1,2. ZHANG Zhaoxia1,2. ZHAO Hongwei1, WANG Wenfeng1 & YAO Side1 1. Shanghai institute of Applied Physics, chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 2.1800,{2. 2. Graduate University of the chinese Academy of Sciences, beijing 10004.,{2. 1. Shanghai institute of Applied Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201800 China 2. Graduate University of the chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China

The photo-physical and photo-chemical properties of melatonin (ML) werestudied by 2.6 nm laser flash photolysis (LFP). ML undergoes photo-ionization to produce radicalcation of ML (ML^(·+))and hydrated electrons (e_(aq)^-), while excited triplet state ~3ML~* is alsoformed during photolysis. The oxidation via one electron transfer from ML to SO_4.(·+) and thetriplet state of riboflavin (~3RF~*) has been also investigated and the rate constants for theprocess have been determined to be 8.0x10^9 and 1.4.10^9 L·mol^(-1)·s^(-1) respectively. Theradical cation of 2.2.'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)(ABTS^(·+)) scavengingcapacities of melatonin and other antioxidants are compared in this paper.

关键词： melatonin, laser flash photolysis, photoionization, triplet state.

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Land Use of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area and the Effect on Its Landscape Pattern in the Recent 50 Years

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Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences 2006年第4期11卷 910-914页

作者： HUANG Zhiqin 1,2.3 , ZHOU Wancun 1 ,ZHOU Jieming 4., ZHU Mingcang 3,5 1. institute of Mountain Hazards and environment, {2. Academy of Sciences , Chengdu 61004., Sichuan,{4. 2. Graduate University of {2. Academy of Sciences, beijing 10004.,{4. 3. Sichuan institute of Land Resource Management, Chengdu 61004., Sichuan ,{4. 4. Department of Resources and environment Science, Sichuan Normal University , Chengdu 610061, Sichuan,{4. 5. College of Information Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, Sichuan,{4. institute of Mountain Hazards and environment Chinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu Sichuan China Graduate University of chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Sichuan institute of Land Resource Management Chengdu Sichuan China Department of Resources and environment Science Sichuan Normal University Chengdu Sichuan China College of Information Engineering Chengdu University of Technology Chengdu Sichuan China

The paper makes detailed analysis on the changing processes of the main types of land use in Three Gorges Reservoir Area through the techniques of RS （Remote Sense） and GIS （Geography Information System）. Based on the theory of landscape ecology, many types of landscape pattern indexes are calculated and made correlation analysis. The results indicate that： in 1995 the ecological environment of Three Gorges Reservoir Area was the most vulnerable in the recent 50 years, but resumed in 2.02. the landscape pattern diversity index, fractal dimension index and fragmentation index has close correlation with the area of land use/cover change （LUCC）. The research also releases that the increase of the cultivated land, grassland and construction land deteriorates the landscape ecological pattern, while the increase of forest land area will help restore the landscape ecological pattern to its original state. The rapid change of grassland is an important index of the change of landscape pattern, because it has the most effect on change of landscape pattern index.

关键词： the Three Gorges Reservoir Area land use/cover change landscape pattern.

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Study on Transformation of CaO-Al_2._3-SiO_2.MgO System Inclusions in ZG06Cr13Ni4.o Stainless Steel

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Journal of Iron and Steel Research International 2011年第S2期18卷 341-346页

作者： LIU Jian-hui1,3, DONG Han1,3, ZHU Rong2. LI Shi-qi2.(1. institute for Structural Materials,Central Iron and Steel Research institute,{2.,china 2. School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering,University of Science and Technology beijing, beijing 100083,china 3. National Engineering Research Center of Advanced Steel Technology,{2.,china) Cent Iron & Steel Res Inst Inst Struct Mat Beijing 100081 Peoples R China Univ Sci & Technol beijing Sch Met & Ecol Engn Beijing 100083 Peoples R China Natl Engn Res Ctr Adv Steel Technol Beijing 100081 Peoples R China

This paper aims at generally studying on the inclusions of ZGG06Cr13Ni4.o ultra-low carbon stainless steel used for large scale hydraulic turbine sets. On the basis of analysis the industrial test samples, thermodynamic software FactSage is used to study inclusions transformation process in CaO-SiO2.Al2.3-MgO system while stainless steel is been smelting. The results illustrate the inclusions melting points and plasticity variation law. The reasonable inclusions plasticity controlling area is found out in low melting point. The melting point is up to 12.0℃ While MgO weight concentration is 10% in CaO-SiO2.Al2.3-MgO system, SiO2. Al2.3 and CaO in inclusions are in weight concentration range of 50-70%, 10-2.% and 10-4.%, respectively. For purpose of gaining low melting point inclusions, silicon alumina radio in deoxidant should be controlled between 2.5 for ultra-low carbon stainless steel refining in industry.

关键词： ZG06Cr13Ni4.o stainless steel low melting point inclusion thermodynamic calculation

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