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Southeastern extension of the Red River fault zone (RRFZ) and its tectonic evolution significance in western South China Sea

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Science China Earth Sciences 2006年第8期49卷 839-850页

作者： LIU Baoming1,2.3, XIA Bin1, LI Xuxuan1,3, ZHANG Minqiang1,3, NIU Binhua2. ZHONG Lifeng1, JIN Qinghuan1,4 & JI Shaocheng1,5 1. Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences,guangzhou 510640, China 2. China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China 3. Research Center of Science & Technology Department, CNOOC, Beijing 10002., China 4. guangzhou {2. geological survey, Ministry of Land & Resources, guangzhou 510075, China 5. Ecole Polytechnique Montreal, H3C3A7, Canada 1. Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology and Resources Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510640 China 2. China University of Geosciences (Beijing) Beijing 100083 China 3. Research Center of Science & Technology Department CNOOC Beijing 100027 China 4. guangzhou marine {2. survey Ministry of Land & Resources Guangzhou 510075 China 5. Ecole Polytechnique Montreal H3C3A7 Canada

Recent geophysical surveys and basin modeling suggest that the No.1 fault in the Ying- gehai basin (YGHB) is the seaward elongation of the Red River fault zone (RRFZ) in the South China Sea (SCS). The RRFZ, which separates the South China and Indochina block, extends first along the Yuedong fault, offshore of Vietnam, and then continues southward and breaks off into two branches: the Lupar fault and the Tinjia fault. The southern extension of the Lupar fault dies out beneath the NW Borneo while the Tinjia fault extends southeast and reaches the Brunei-Sabah area. According to the gravity and geomagnetic data, and the tectonic evolution of the basins, there are different evolution histories between the Wan’an basin (WAB) and the basins in the Nansha block. The Tinjia fault may be the boundary between the Balingian block and the Nansha block. Hence, the line linking the Yue- dong fault and the Tinjia fault, which both are continental margin faults and strike-slip ones in the geological evolution histories, constitute the boundary between the Indochina and Nansha block. The Lupar fault, in contrast, is an intraplate fault within the Indochina block. The results provide new hints for reconstructing the tectonic evolution history of the RRFZ and the opening of the SCS, and also a framework for hydrocarbon prospecting in the region.

关键词： Red River fault zone, tectonic evolution, fault, extension, western South China Sea.

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Mineral Features of Surface Sediments and Analysis of Solid-State Mineral Resourcesin Southeastern China Sea

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Journal of Earth Science 2000年第2期19卷 79-82页

作者： Du Deli Chen Hong Wang Shumin Chen Hongjun Wan Ling Research Institute of guangzhou Bureau of marine {2. survey, Ministry of Land and Resources, guangzhou 510760

With the development of modern industry and the increase of human demand, it is increasingly important to prospect and exploit marine mineral resources. Based on the oceanic geological investigation references obtained from the regional geological surveying and mapping of China Sea (“Shantoufu, F 50” 1∶1 000 000) and on the data (“marine Engineering geological Investigation Project in the Pearl River Mouth basin in the South China Sea” 1∶2.0 000), the authors elaborate the grain size composition, mineral composition, mineral features and distribution pattern of the surface sediments in the sea at 114°-12.°E and 2.°-2.°N. Moreover, the analysis of the regional solid state mineral resources in the coast of Fujian, Guangdong and the west of Taiwan, shows that the main resources include littoral/neritic placers, littoral/neritic sandy gravel and ferromanganese nodule (crust). In addition, the future focus should be on the placers and sandy gravels in this littoral area.

关键词： marine sediment mineral feature solid minerals.

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Features of inclusions in the Funiushan gold deposits of Central China and its implications for prospecting

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Chinese Science Bulletin 1999年第S2期44卷 15-16页

作者： ZHANG Zhengwei~1, ZHU Bingquan~1 and DENG Jun~2.1. guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, guangzhou 510640, China 2. China University of Geoscience, Beijing 100083, China guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510640 China China University of Geoscience Beijing 100083 China

GOLD mineralization popularly occurs in Funiushan area. Based on the studies on more than 40 gold deposits or ore spots, it is shown that most of them are small in scale except the Pengou gold deposit, whichcan be developed into a medium one. The Pengou is a gold deposit of medium-low temperature hydrothermal type. 1 geological setting The Funiushan gold mineralization zone lying in the contiguous region of Nanzhao, Fangcheng andLushan Counties, Henan Province, is stituated on the tectonic and geochemical boundary between theNorth China block and Qinling Orogenic belt, and transverses the two first-grade tectonic units. Thehost rocks are mainly the strata of Xionger group （Pt2./sub> ） and the Funiushan granitic batholith. The Penggougold deposit is just located on the large-scale fault of Xiatang-Guihe. A series of metamorphic rocks ofXionger Group outcroped in the north of the deposit. 2.The features of deposit The ore bodies mostly appear in thick plate with sag-and-swell variation. The gold-bearing alterationzone from upper to lower layers can be divided as granite→ pyritization and phyllic alteration→ alteredgranitic porphyry→quartz vein→pyritization and phyllic alteration→cataclastic granite with phyllic alteration, i. e. the upper and lower gold-bearing layers can be separated by the altered granite. The ore

关键词： gold deposit inclusion geochemistry Funiushan.

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Aoyitake plagiogranite in western Tarim Block, NW China: Age, geochemistry, petrogenesis and its tectonic implications

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Science China Earth Sciences 2006年第11期49卷 1121-1134页

作者： ZHANG Chuanlin1,2. YU Haifeng3, YE Haimin2. ZHAO Yu2.& ZHANG Dongsheng4 1. Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochronology and Geochemistry, guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, guangzhou 510640, China 2. Nanjing Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, Nanjing 2.0016, China 3. Tianjin Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, Tianjin 300170, China 4. The 2.d Regional {2. Investigation Party, Xinjiang Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources, Changji 831100, China 1. Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochronology and Geochemistry Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510640 China 2. Nanjing Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources Nanjing 210016 China 3. Tianjin Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources Tianjin 300170 China 4. The 2.d Regional geological Investigation Party Xinjiang Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources Changji 831100 China

SHRIMPP U-Pb zircon age and geochemical and Nd isotopic data are reported for the Aoyitake plagiogranite in western Tarim Block, NW China. The plagiogranite intruded the Middle Pro- terozoic and Lower Carboniferous with an exposure area of ca. 60 km2.and crystallized at 330.7±4.8 Ma. Rock types mainly include tonalite, trondhjemite and minor amounts of diorite and quartz-diorite. Feldspars in the rocks are dominated by oligoclase-andesine, and minor perthite observed locally. The granites are sodic with Na/K ratios (molar) between 4 and 87. Total REE (50-2.0 ppm) show a clear positive correlation with SiO2. There is no LRRE/HREE fractionation (LaN/YbN=0.5-1.5), me- dium negative Eu anomalies (δ Eu=0.3-0.6), high Y content and low Sr/Y ratio (~1.0). These granites exhibit relatively juvenile Nd T2.M model ages of 470 to 580 Ma and positive εNd(331 Ma) values of 6.2. to 7.65. The aforementioned characteristics are similar to those of ocean island or ocean ridge plagiogranites. However, the regional geology, especially its scale, precludes that the plagiogranite pluton was derived directly from fractionational crystallization of mantle-derived basaltic magma. We interpreted that the primary magma of the pluton might be tonalitic in composition generated by ca. 50% partial melting of the juvenile basaltic crust. The primary magma experienced intensive frac- tionational crystallization, and intruded into the middle to upper crusts to form the granite pluton. In combination with the previous regional geological data, it is concluded that the plagiogranite pluton was emplaced within the Tarim Block in respond to the Carboniferous continental rifting along the Tianshan orogenic belt.

关键词： western Tarim, Aoyitake plagiogranite, age, geochemistry, tectonic implications.

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Transport network and flow mechanism of shallow ore-bearing magma in Tongling ore cluster area

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Science China Earth Sciences 2006年第4期49卷 397-407页

作者： DENG Jun1,2. WANG Qingfei1,2., HUANG Dinghua3 , WAN Li4, YANG Liqiang1,2.& GAO Bangfei1,2.1. State Key Laboratory of geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China 2. Key Laboratory of Lithosphere Tectonics and Lithoprobing Technology of Ministry of Education, China University of Geo- sciences, Beijing 100083, China 3. Faculty of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China 4. School of Mathematics and Information Science, guangzhou University, guangzhou 510405, China 1. State Key Laboratory of geological Processes and Mineral Resources China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 China 2. Key Laboratory of Lithosphere Tectonics and Lithoprobing Technology of Ministry of Education China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 China 3. Faculty of Earth Sciences China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China 4. School of Mathematics and Information Science Guangzhou University Guangzhou 510405 China

Abundant studies revealed that shallow intrusions of the Yanshanian epoch resulted in the mass mineralization of the Tongling region. Various evidences showed there existed a concealed magma chamber at ?10 km depth in the middle part of this region during Yanshanian epoch, from which the ore-forming magma was generated and then transported to the superficial layer. Yet the transport network and flow mechanism of the shallow ore-bearing magma, the key problem associ- ated with ore-forming process, was relatively little focused on. Integrate analysis of structural me- chanics, statistical fractal and geological facts suggested that NE trending high-angle fold-related thrust faults and the tessellated basement ones served as the main pathways for the shallow magma’s transporting, moreover, the saddle void spaces among adjacent strata in the folds upon this fault system provided the place for magma’s emplacement. So the folds in the upper part and faults in the lower part of the upper crust constituted the fluid’s transport and emplacement network. During the deformation of geologic body with multi-layer structure, the layers in the upper part tended to fold when received the jacking stress from the lower part, while the lower one inclined to fault undergoing loads of the upper part. And the producing probability of this structure assemblage was highly in- creased in the condition, such as in the Tongling area, that the mechanic rigidity of the lower layers was stronger than that of the upper ones. For the pre-existence of fluid-conducting network, the top magma with high volatile in the magma chamber transported rapidly to the superficial layer in dyking pattern, located in the void spaces of folds, filled and reconstructed them. The sudden drop of pres- sure caused the fluid unmixing from the magma and mass ore-forming elements concentration. Pulse activity of the dyking may be the principal reason why magmatic bodies in the Tongling area were spatially-temporally con

关键词： Tongling, structural network, magma intrusion, fractal, dyke.

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On deposits controlled by tectonic lenses

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Science China Earth Sciences 2004年第12期47卷 1095-1101页

作者： WANG Jincao 1 ,XIA Bin 1 & JI Shaocheng 2.1.guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry,Chinese Academy of Sciences,guangzhou 510640,China 2.Department of Civil,{2. and Mining Engineering,Montreal Institute of Technology,P.O.Box6079,Station Centre-ville Montreal,Canada 1. Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry 510640 Guangzhou China 2. Department of Civil Geological and Mining Engineering Montreal Institute of Technology Station Centre-ville Montreal P. O. Box 6079 Canada

By study of the typical tectonic lenses controlling some ore deposits, the tectonic lens boundaries may be classified into fuzzy boundaries, sharp boundaries and complex boundaries, and the metallostructures in tectonic lenses may be classified into vein-type, stock- work-type and breccia-type. After studying their metallostructures, we suggest the conception on tectonic lenses as an ore-forming system, realizing that the compact-function ore-forming system is made up of the lenticular weak-strain domain(Q) and its outside linear strong-strain belt(P). The ore-forming system, which is composed of four subsystems that coupled with each other and exert their system functions to the full, includes the dual-dynamical system made up of tectonic and fluid dynamics, the metallotectonic system controlled by hydrofracturing, the ore-source system made up of multi-substances and the mineral transportation system contacted by tectonic network. Deformational partitioning, hydrofracturing and tectonic pumping operate the consid- erable function while the system function practises. Finally, the significance of metallotectonics on the tectonic lenses is discussed in the paper.

关键词： tectonic lenses, boundary type of tectonic lenses, type of metallostructures, tectonic lens as an ore-forming system.

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Geochemistry of high-Mg andesites from the early Cretaceous Yixian Formation, western Liaoning: Implications for lower crustal delamination and Sr/Y variations

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Science China Earth Sciences 2006年第9期49卷 904-914页

作者： WANG Xiaorui1, GAO Shan1,2. LIU Xiaoming1, YUAN Honglin1, HU Zhaochu1, ZHANG Hong1,3 & WANG Xuance4 1. State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi`an 710069, China 2. State Key Laboratory of geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China 3. Shenyang Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, Shenyang 110032. China 4. guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, guangzhou 510640, China 1. State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics Department of Geology Northwest University Xi’an 710069 China 2. State Key Laboratory of geological Processes and Mineral Resources China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China 3. Shenyang Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources Shenyang 110032 China 4. guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510640 China

85 volcanic rocks of the Yixian Formation from the Sihetun type section werecollected and analyzed for geochemical and isotopic compositions. Major element compositionsindicate that the Sihetun volcanic rocks are high magnesium andesites with some basalts occurring atthe bottom of section. The Sihetun high magnesium andesites (SiO_2.= 52.82.59.31 wt%, Al_2._3=14.15-16.35wt%) show many characteristics of adakites such as depletion in heavy rare-earth elements(HREE; Yb = 1.03-1.88 μg/g) and Y(12.2. μg/g) and high Sr (62.-132. μg/g) and Sr/Y(32.88), withhigh La_N/Yb_N ratio (10-2.). They share similar major and trace element characteristics to volcanicrocks from the Xinglonggou Formation except their lower Nd isotope ratios (^(143)Nd/^(144)Nd(130Ma) = 0.5118-0.5119, ε_(Nd) (130Ma) = -11.6-13.8, ^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr (130 Ma) = *** were interpreted in a way that eclogite that formed at the base of thickened Archean lowercrust of the North China craton foundered into the convecting mantle and subsequently melted andinteracted with peridotite. However, compared to the Xinglonggou volcanic rocks, the source of theSihetun magma contained more ancient continental crustal material in order to explain its evolved Ndisotopes. The age of the Sihetun Formation was 12. to 130 Ma, and this indicates that delaminationlasted to the early Cretaceous period. The Sr contents and Sr/Y ratios of the Sihetun high-Mgandesites show significant negative correlations with SiO_2.for samples with SiO_2.> 56%. Thesesuggest that the Sr and Sr/Y values were reduced due to fractional crystallization of ***, the effect of crystallization on volcanic Sr and Sr/Y ratio has to be taken intoaccount.

关键词： High-Mg andesite, Adakite, Yixian Formation, North China Craton, delamination.

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CRUSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE SOUTH CHINA SEA BASIN

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Science in China,Ser.B 1983年第6期26卷 648-661页

作者：姚伯初王光宇 NO.2.marine geological Investigation Brigade Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources guangzhou

Based on the results from prospcction of seismic sonobuoy and two-ship refraction measurement, structural characteristics for earth crust of South China Sea Basin are analyzed: very thick crustal Layer 1, normal crustal Layer 2.and abnormally thin crustal Layer 3 are observed, with Layer 3 increasing continuously in thickness towards NS direction from the centre of the basin, and the earth crust becoming thick accordingly. These structural characteristics are in conformity with Cenozoic sea spreading mode inferred from magnetic anomaly. Finally, possible causes that account for these characteristics are discussed.

关键词： CRUSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE SOUTH CHINA SEA BASIN SEA

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Belowground carbon balance and carbon accumulation rate in the successional series of monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest

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Science China Earth Sciences 2006年第3期49卷 311-321页

作者： ZHOU Guoyi1, ZHOU Cunyu1, LIU Shuguang2. TANG Xuli1, OUYANG Xuejun1, ZHANG Deqiang1, LIU Shizhong1, LIU Juxiu1, YAN Junhua1, ZHOU Chuanyan1, LUO Yan1, GUAN Lili1 & LIU Yan1 1. Dinghushan Forest Ecosystem Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, guangzhou 510650, China 2. SAIC, EROS Data Center, U.S. geological {2., Sioux Falls, SD 57198, USA 1. Dinghushan Forest Ecosystem Research Station Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510650 China 2. SAIC EROS Data Center U.S. Geological Survey Sioux Falls SD 57198 USA

The balance, accumulation rate and temporal dynamics of belowground carbon in the successional series of monsoon evergreen broadleaved forest are obtained in this paper, based on long-term observations to the soil organic matter, input and standing biomass of litter and coarse woody debris, and dissolved organic carbon carried in the hydrological process of subtropical climax forest ecosystem—monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest, and its two successional forests of natural restoration—coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest and Pinus massoniana forest, as well as data of root biomass obtained once every five years and respiration measurement of soil, litter and coarse woody debris respiration for 1 year. The major results include: the belowground carbon pools of monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest, coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest, and Pinus massoniana forest are 2.191 ± 2.38 g·m?2. 16889 ± 1936 g·m?2.and 12.80 ± 1854 g·m?2. respec- tively, in 2.02. Mean annual carbon accumulation rates of the three forest types during the 2.a from 1978 to 2.02.are 383 ± 97 g·m?2.a?1, 193 ± 85 g·m?2.a?1 and 2.3 ± 86 g·m?2.a?1, respectively. The belowground carbon pools in the three forest types keep increasing during the observation period, suggesting that belowground carbon pools are carbon sinks to the atmosphere. There are seasonal variations, namely, they are strong carbon sources from April to June, weak carbon sources from July to September; while they are strong carbon sinks from October to November, weak carbon sinks from December to March.

关键词： monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest, successional series of restoration, belowground, carbon pool, accumulation rate.

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Research on the dynamics of the South China Sea opening:Evidence from analogue modeling

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Science China Earth Sciences 2006年第10期49卷 1053-1069页

作者： SUN Zhen1,2. ZHOU Di1, ZHONG Zhihong3, XIA Bin2. QIU Xuelin1, ZENG Zuoxun4 & JIANG Jianqun5 1. CAS Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, guangzhou 510301, China 2. CAS Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology, guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, guangzhou 510640, China 3. Department of Technology, Shenzhen Branch of CNOOC, guangzhou 5102.0, China 4. Faculty of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China 5. Hainan Oil & Gas Exploration Company, Liaohe Oilfield PetroChina, Panjin 12.010, China 1. CAS Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology South China Sea Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510301 China 2. CAS Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510640 China 3. Department of Technology Shenzhen Branch of CNOOC Guangzhou 510240 China 4. Faculty of Earth Sciences China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China 5. Hainan Oil & Gas Exploration Company Liaohe Oilfield PetroChina Panjin 124010 China

Independent of Indochina extrusion, the South China Sea experienced a process from passive continental rifting to marginal sea drifting. According to the fault patterns in the Beibu Gulf basin and the Pearl River Mouth basin, the continental rifting and early spreading stage from 32.to 2. Ma were controlled by extensional stress field, which shifted clockwise from southeastward to south southeastward. From 2. Ma on, the sea spread in NW-SE direction and ceased spreading at around 15.5 Ma. Integrated geological information with the assumption that the South China Sea developed along a pre-Cenozoic weakness zone, we did analogue experiments on the South China Sea evolu- tion. Experiments revealed that the pre-existing weakness zone goes roughly along the uplift zone between the present Zhu-1 and Zhu-2.depression. The pre-existing weakness zone is composed of three segments trending NNE, roughly EW and NEE, respectively. The early opening of the South China Sea is accompanied with roughly 15° clockwise rotation, while the SE sub-sea basin opened with SE extension. Tinjar fault was the western boundary of the Nansha block (Dangerous Ground), while Lupar fault was the eastern boundary of the Indochina, NW-trending rift belt known as Zengmu basin developed between above two faults due to block divergent of Indochina from Nansha. In the experiment, transtensional flower structures along NW-trending faults are seen, and slight inversion occurs along some NE-dipping faults. The existence of rigid massifs changed the orientations of some faults and rift belt, and also led to deformation concentrate around the massifs. The rifting and drifting of the South China Sea might be caused by slab pull from the proto South China Sea subducting toward Borneo and/or mantle flow caused by India-Asia collision.

关键词： South China Sea, rifting and drifting, clockwise rotation, analogue modeling, rigid massifs.

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