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Exploration risk evaluation using object-based modeling,an example from the Tertiary fractured play,western Qaidam basin of china

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petroleum Science 2008年第3期5卷 195-202页

作者： Chen Zhuoheng Hu Suyun Jin Zhijun Pang Xiongqi Jiang Zhenxue Osadetz G. Kirk Geological Survey of Canada. Calgary. AB T2. 2.7. Canada Research Institute of petroleum Exploration ＆ Development. Petrochina. {2. 100083.{3. School of Resources and Information Technology China University of Petroleum. Beijing 102249. China

Geological risk evaluation reveals the uncertainty of converting an anticipated resource potential in an identified exploration target into an economic petroleum accumulation prior to drilling. Providing consistent and unbiased estimates of geological risk for all exploration targets in an area of interest is essential in risk evaluation. This paper discusses the potential use of an object-based stochastic procedure for geological risk evaluation at the play level. The object-based model of Super SD, as a data integration tool, can integrate geological information of petroleum system elements that control occurrences of petroleum pools with the spatial correlation characteristics of the discoveries in a play. Other information, such as the estimated total play potential and size characteristics, from conventional resource assessments can be also incorporated into the model as geological constraints. The uncertainty associated with the data and domain knowledge in the predicted pool locations is expressed as a probability map, representing the geological exploration risk of the play. By incorporating all available inibrmation and checking the consistency of models with geological constraints, the object-based model improves predictions of petroleum occurrences, thus enhancing the associated risk evaluation. The proposed method was applied to the fractured petroleum play of the western Qaidam basin in northwestern china in order to illustrate the use of the object-based method for risk evaluation.

关键词： Exploration risk mapping stochastic simulation. Qaidam basin

Poly-phase salt tectonics and hydrocarbon accumulation in Tarim superimposed basin,northwest china

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Science china Earth Sciences 2004年第Z2期47卷 104-113页

作者： TANG Liangjie1,2. JIN Zhijun1’3. JIAChengzao1’4, Pl Xuejun5 & CHEN Suping1,2.1. Key Laboratory for Hydrocarbon Accumulation of Education Ministry, beijing 102.49, china 2. {2. & Reservoir Research center, university of petroleum, beijing 102.49, china 3. Institute of petroleum Exploration and Development, SINOPEC, beijing 100083. china 4. Petrochina Company Limited, beijing 100011, china 5. Tarim Oilfield Company, Petrochina Company Ltd., Korla 841000, china Key Laboratory for Hydrocarbon Accumulation of Education Ministry Beijing 102249 China basin & Reservoir Research center University of Petroleum Beijing 102249 China Key Laboratory for Hydrocarbon Accumulation of Education Ministry Beijing 102249 China Institute of petroleum Exploration and Development SINOPEC Beijing 100083 China Key Laboratory for Hydrocarbon Accumulation of Education Ministry Beijing 102249 China Petrochina Company Limited Beijing 100011 China Tarim Oilfield Company PetroChina Company Ltd. Korla 841000 China

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the poly-phase salt tectonics and its relation to the hydrocarbon accumulation of the Tarim superimposed basin. Several salt sequences are developed in the Tarim basin, they are: (1) the Mid-Early Cambrian salt sequence, mainly distributed in the west part of the north Tarim uplift and Keping uplift; (2. the Early Carboniferous salt sequence, mainly distributed in the south slope of the north Tarim uplift; (3. the Paleogene salt sequence, mainly distributed in the mid-west part of the Kuqa foreland fold belt and north Tarim uplift; and (4) the Miocene salt sequence, mainly distributed in the east part of the Kuqa foreland fold belt. The salt sequences deposited in the tectonically calm scenario, while the salt layers deformed during the period of intense tectonism. Although the salt sequences are characteristic of plastic flow, the differences of salt deformation styles exist in the different salt sequences be-cause of the different deformation mechanism. It is attractive that the distribution of the large oil-gas fields or pools has a bearing upon the salt sequences and salt structures, such as the Tahe oilfield related to the Lower Carboniferous salt sequence and laterally facies changed mudstone, the Kela No.2.gas field to the Paleogene salt structures, and the Dina gas field to the Miocene salt structures. It is indicated that the large-scale hydrocarbon accumulation is con-trolled by the poly-phase salt sequences and structures. The deep analysis of the poly-phase salt tectonics is helpful to understanding the characteristics of the structural deformation and oil-gas accumulation of the Tarim basin.

关键词： superimposed basin, salt tectonics, hydrocarbon accumulation, Tarim basin.

Zhang-Xuan thermal uplift and its genesis

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Progress in Natural Science:Materials International 2005年第8期15卷 725-732页

作者： SHAO Ji'an1*, NIU Shuyin2. ZHANG Lüqiao3.and LI Hongyang2.1. School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking university, {3. 100871,{2. 2. Shijiazhuang university of Economics, Shijiazhuang 05003.,{2. 3. Geological Bureau of Inner Mongolia, Huhhot 01002.,{2.) School of Earth and Space Sciences Peking University Beijing 100871 China. Shijiazhuang university of Economics Shijiazhuang 050031 China. Geological Bureau of Inner Mongolia Huhhot 010020 China

Based on the researches of the Mesozoic thermal evolution history, the deformed structures, and fission track analysis of the Zhangjiakou-Xuanhua area, we obtained the following knowledge: the area experienced in 140 Ma an underplating which is marked by emplacement of mantle derived magma; during 13.—110 Ma a series of eruptions and intrusions happened, and during 80—10 Ma a rising process occurred which is synchronous with the adjacent Taihang and Yanshan Mountains and was accompanied by a series of structures down slipping from the just formed Zhang-Xuan uplift toward its periphery. Combining the Zhang-Xuan thermal lift with the large detachment structure in Baoding depression of the North china basin in the Late Mesozoic confirms that an even larger extensional tectonic background existed in North china during this period.

关键词： Zhang-Xuan area underplating thermal uplift fission track extensional structure.

Distribution characteristics and petroleum geological significance of the Silurian asphaltic sandstones in Tarim basin

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Science china Earth Sciences 2004年第Z2期47卷 199-208页

作者： ZHANG Jun1,2. PANG Xiongqi1,2. LIU Luofu1,2. JIANG Zhenxue1,2.& LIU Yunhong3.1. basin and Reservoir Research center,{2., beijing 102.49, china 2. Key Laboratory for Hydrocarbon Accumulation Mechanism of the Ministry of Education,{2., beijing 102.49, china 3. Korla Research Institute of Geophysics, Bureau of Geophysics Prospecting, Korla 841000, china basin and Reservoir Research center University of Petroleum Beijing 102249 China Key Laboratory for Hydrocarbon Accumulation Mechanism of the Ministry of Education University of Petroleum Beijing 102249 China Korla Research Institute of Geophysics Bureau of Geophysics Prospecting Korla 841000 China

The Tarim basin is a typical superimposed basin in which there have occurred mul-tiphase adjustment and destruction of the reservoirs. The widely distributed asphaltic sandstones of the Silurian are the very product after destruction of the reservoirs. Studies show that the Silu-rian asphaltic sandstones distributed in both the middle and western parts on the basin are con-trolled chiefly by the Caledonian oil source area and by the Tazhong, Tabei and Bachu uplifts, whereas the distribution of the asphaltic sandstones on local structural belts is controlled by the reservoirs sedimentary system. Vertically, most of the asphaltic sandstones are under the re-gional caprock of red mudstones and the upper sandstone section of compact lithology. Due to the difference of hydrocarbon destruction in the early stage and the influence of hydrocarbon recharge in the late stage, the asphaltic sandstones and oil-bearing sandstones in the Tazhong area can be vertically divided into the upper and lower sections and they have an interactive distribution relationship as well. Asphaltic sandstones exist not only in intergranular pores but also inside the grains of sand and between the crevices, proving the destruction of early reser-voirs due to uplifting. The existence of asphaltic sandstones over a large area reveals that the large-scale migration and accumulation and the subsequent destruction of hydrocarbons in the Craton area. The destruction caused a loss of the reserve resources of the Palaeozoic amount-ing to nearly 13.3.billion tons. Asphaltic sandstones formed after the destruction of oil and gas may serve as an effective caprock which is beneficial to accumulation of hydrocarbons and for-mation of the pool sealed by asphaltic sandstones in the later stage. The destruction of the early Silurian hydrocarbons depends on the stratigraphic burial depth. The deep part under the north-ern slope of Tazhong is an area favorable to search of undestroyed Silurian oil reservoirs.

关键词： Tarim basin, asphaltic sandstone, Silurian, hydrocarbon destruction, distribution characteristics, reserve of resources.

A method of identifying effective source rocks and its application in the Bozhong Depression,Bohai Sea,china

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petroleum Science 2010年第4期7卷 458-465页

作者： Jiang Fujie Pang Xiongqi Meng Qingyang Zhou Xiaohui basin and Reservoir Research center China University of Petroleum Beijing 102249 China State Key Laboratory of petroleum Resource and Prospecting Beijing 102249 China Research Institute of petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChina Beijing 100083 China

Research on effective source rocks directly affects the accuracy of identifying hydrocarbon resources, and indirectly affects the exploration decisions in petroliferous basins. Although the previous evaluation methods of effective source rocks vary relatively widely, a complete quantitative evaluation approach has not yet been developed. For that reason, we redefined the concept of effective source rocks based on the existing research results. Surrounding this definition, and guided by the hydrocarbon expulsion theory, the quantitative model called ＂two stages and three steps＂ method is established to predict effective source rocks. Its application in the Bozhong Depression indicates that among the four sets source rocks in the Bozhong Depression, the Member 3.of the Shahejie Formation （Es 3.） has the largest effective source rock thickness, and the Member 1 Member 2.of the Shahejie Formation （Es 1＋2.） is the second largest .The effective part of dark mudstone is only 3.%-80% of the total volume and with the increase of buried depth and improvement of quality, the effective part increases. Comprehensive analysis indicates that the ＂two stages and three steps＂ method is a practical technique for effective source rock prediction.

关键词： Source rock effectiveness hydrocarbon expulsion threshold Bozhong Depression Bohai Sea

Ultrahigh pressure (>7 GPa) gneissic K-feldspar (-bearing) garnet clinopyroxenite in the Altyn Tagh, NW china: Evi- dence from clinopyroxene exsolution in garnet

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Science china Earth Sciences 2005年第7期48卷 1000-1010页

作者： LIU Liang1,3. CHEN Danling1, ZHANG Anda1, SUN Yong1, WANG Yan1, YANG Jiaxi1,2.& LUO Jinhai1 1. Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics of the Ministry of Education of china, Northwest university, Xi’an 710069, china 2. College of Earth Science and Land Resources, Chang’an university, Xi’an 710054, china 3. The Laboratory of Orogen and basin of the Ministry of Education, Peking university, beijing 100871, china Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics Ministry of Education of China Northwest University Xi'an 710069 China Laboratory of Orogen and basin Ministry of Education Peking University Beijing 100871 China College of Earth Science and Land Resources Chang'an University Xi'an 710054 China

The exsolution of clinopyroxene and rutile in coarse-grain garnet is found in the gneissic K-feldspar(-bearing) garnet clinopyroxenite from Yinggelisayi in the Altyn Tagh, NW china. The maximum content of the exsolved clinopyroxene in the garnet is up to >5% by volume. The reconstructed precursor garnet (Grt1) before exsolution has a maximum Si content of 3.061 per formula uint, being of supersilicic or majoritic garnet. The peak-stage metamorphic pressure of >7 GPa is estimated using the geobarometer for volume percentage of exsolved pyroxene in garnet and the Si-(Al+Cr) geobarometer for majoritic garnet, and the temperature of about 1000℃ using the ternary alkali-feldspar geothermometer and the experimental data of ilmen- ite-magnetite solid solution. The protoliths of the rocks are intra-plate basic and intermediate ig- neous rocks, of which the geochemical features indicate that they are probably the products of the evolution of basic magma deriving from the continental lithosphere mantle. The rocks are in outcrops associated with ultrahigh pressure garnet-bearing lherzolite and ultrahigh pressure garnet granitoid gneiss. All of these data suggest that the ultrahigh pressure metamorphic rocks in the Altyn Tagh are the products of deep-subduction of the continental crust, and such deep- subduction probably reaches to >2.0 km in depth. This may provide new evidence for further discussion of the dynamic mechanism of the formation and evolvement of the Altyn Tagh and the other collision orogenic belts in western china.

关键词： Altyn Tagh gneissic K-feldspar (-bearing) garnet clinopyroxenite clinopyroxene exsolution in garnet ultra-high pressure metamorphism.

Tectonic Evolution of the Junggar Foreland basin in the Late Carboniferous-Permian

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2001年第4期75卷 398-408页

作者： CHEN Shuping, ZHANG Yiwei, TANG Liangjie and BAI Guoping basin and Reservoir Research Centre, university of petroleum, Changping, {2. 102.49 basin and Reservoir Research Centre University of Petroleum Changping Beijing 102249 [?]2.hen Shuping Born in 1965 earned his B. Engr. from the university of petroleum in 1985 and M.Sc. from china {2. of Geosciences ({3.) in 1988. Now he is a Ph.D student in the basin and Reservoir Research Centre University of Petroleum Beijing. His research interest lies in tectonic analysis of basins.

A comprehensive study has been carried out to subdivide and correlate the Upper Carboniferous and Permian sedimentary successions in the Junggar basin based on outcrops and drilling and geophysical data. The study results, combined with geological analyses of the basin's periphery and the basement, as well as studies of the sedimentary rocks within the basin, the unconformities, tectonic geometry, kinematics and geodynamics, lead to the conclusion that the Junggar basin was characterized by the development of foreland basin systems during the Late Carboniferous and Permian. During that period, three foreland basin systems were developed: (1) the northwest foreland basin system, which trended nearly north-south from Mahu to the Chepaizi Palaeo-mountain during its early stage of development and thus it was also referred to as the west foreland basin system; (2. the Karamaili foreland basin system in the east and (3. the Northern Tianshan foreland basin system in the south. These systems are different in size, development stage and time of formation. The first two are developed earlier than the third, but they are smaller in size. All the structures in the Junggar basin have resulted from the integration and superposition of structural elements in the above three systems. In general, the development of the Junggar basin can be divided into four stages. Stage I was marked by the creation and evolution of the marginal western foreland and the peripheral Karamaili foreland basin systems during the Late Carboniferous-early Early Permian (C3.1ja). Stage II was characterized by the development of complicated foreland basin systems during the middle-late Early Permian (P1jb-P1f) when the three foreland basin systems took their shapes. Stage III was the integration stage of peripheral foreland basin systems during the Middle Permian (P2. in which steady and slow tectonic subsidence prevailed. Stage IV coincided with the shrinking of foreland basin development during the Late P

关键词： Junggar basin foreland basin system tectonic evolution

Structural features and petroleum geology of the fold-thrust belt in the southern Tarim basin,{2.

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Science china Earth Sciences 2004年第Z2期47卷 66-73页

作者： ZHOU Xinyuan1,2. LUO Jinhai2.3.& WANG Qinghua2.1.{3., beijing 102.49,{2. 2. Tarim Oilfield Company, Petrochina, Korla 841000,{2. 3. Northwest university, Department of Geology, Xian 710069,{2. university of petroleum Beijing 102249 China Tarim Oilfield Company PetroChina Korla 841000 China Tarim Oilfield Company PetroChina Korla 841000 China Northwest university Department of Geology Xi'an 710069 China Tarim Oilfield Company PetroChina Korla 841000 China

The west Kunlun fold-thrust belt (WKFTB) and the Altun fold-thrust belt (AFTB) are respectively located in the southern margin of the Tarim basin, NW china. The analyses of typical structures and regional dynamics of the fold-thrust belts reveal their different structural and pe-troleum features and mechanisms. WKFTB differs from AFTB by abundant fault-related folds and triangles zones, and was formed by northward extrusion of the west Kunlun orogen. AFTB was affected synchronously by northward extrusion of the Altun orogen and the sinistral strike-slipping of the Altun Fault, so it is characterized by the minor scale and the monotonous structural styles. The Aqike anticline and the Aqike fault, of which the strikes are orthogonal to the strike of the fold-thrust belts, are regarded as the adjustive structures between both of the fold-thrust belts. The oil-gas pools of WKFTB develop mainly in the faulted-related anticline traps, but the oil-gas pools of AFTB develop mainly in the low fault-block and anticlines traps related with the pa-leo-uplifts. There are different exploration countermeasures for both of the fold-thrust belts.

关键词： Tarim, west Kunlun orogen, Altun orogen, fold-thrust belt, structural features, petroleum geology.

Combination and superimposition of source kitchens and their effects on hydrocarbon accumulation in the hinterland of the Junggar basin,west china

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petroleum Science 2010年第1期7卷 59-72页

作者： Zhang Zhihuan Qin Liming Qiu Nansheng Zhong Ningning Zhang Zhenying Li Wei State Key Laboratory of petroleum Resources and Prospecting China University of Petroleum Beijing 102249 China beijing Institute of Economic Management Hebei 102602 China SINOPEC International petroleum Exploration and Production Corporation Beijing 100083 China

In the hinterland of the Junggar basin, there are multiple depressions with multiple sets of source rocks. Therefore, the conditions of hydrocarbon sources are complex, and the geochemical characteristics and sources of hydrocarbon vary in different structural belts. The evolution of the Che- Mo palaeohigh affected the formation of hydrocarbon source kitchens and hydrocarbon migration. We studied the combination and superimposition of hydrocarbon source kitchens, using as an example the hinterland of the Junggar basin （including the Yongjin, Zhengshacun, Moxizhuang and Luliang uplift areas）. The study was based on geochemical analyses of crude oil and fluid inclusions, and the histories of tectonic evolution and hydrocarbon generation. The results indicated that before the Paleogene there were two hydrocarbon-generating depressions： the Western Well Penl depression and the Changji depression on the south and north sides of the Che-Mo palaeohigh, respectively. The Permian source kitchen had been generating hydrocarbon continuously since Triassic and reached high maturity stage in the Cretaceous period. After Paleogene, the adjustment of the Che-Mo palaeohigh led to the subsidence of the Changji depression and the Jurassic source rocks reached mature stage and became the main source kitchens. However, the Jurassic source rocks in the Western Well Penl depression were still in a low maturity stage and did not generate oil because of the adjustment of tectonic movements. As a result, in the central and southern parts of the Junggar basin, Jurassic source rocks generated oil, but in the Luliang uplift, the crude oil was from the Permian source rocks in the Western Well Penl depression and the Jurassic source rocks did not contribute. The crude oil in the central Zhengshacun-Moxizhuang belt was from the Permian source rocks in two depressions, and partially from the Jurassic source rocks. The crude oil in the Luliang uplift was from the source rocks of the lower Permian F

关键词： Hinterland of the Junggar basin hydrocarbon source kitchen oil source combination and superimposition accumulation stage