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Modern microbialites and their environmental signifi-cance,Meiji reef atoll,Nansha (Spratly) Islands,south china {2.

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Science china Earth Sciences 2008年第4期51卷 608-617页

作者： SHEN JianWei1 & WANG Yue1,2.1 Department of Marine Geology, south china {2. institute of oceanology Key Laboratory of Marginal {2. Geology, south china {2. institute of oceanology and guangzhou institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, guangzhou 5103.1, china 2.Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, china Department of Marine Geology South China Sea Institute of Oceanology Guangzhou China Key Laboratory of Marginal sea Geology South China Sea Institute of Oceanology and Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou

Meiji (Mischief) coral atoll, in Nansha (Spratly) Islands, south china {2., consists of an annular reef rim surrounding a central lagoon. On the atoll rim there are either protuberant 'motu' (small coral patch reefs on the rim of atoll) islets or lower sandy cays that contain modern microbialite deposits on the corals in pinnacles and surrounding bottoms of the atoll. Microbialites, including villiform, hairy, and thin spine growth forms, as well as gelatinous masses, mats and encrustation, developed on coral colonies and atoll rim sediments between 0 and 15 m deep-water settings. The microbialites were produced by natural populations of filamentous cyanobacteria and grew on (1) bulbous corals together with Acropora sp., (2. on massive colonies of Galaxea fascicularis, (3) on dead Montipora digitata, and (4) on dead Acropora teres, some hairy microbialite growing around broken coral branches. This study demonstrates that microbial carbonates are developed in coral reefs of south china {2. and indicates that microbial processes may be important in the construction of modern reef systems. The results have significance in the determination of nature and composition in microorganisms implied in the formation ancient microbialites, and permit evaluation of the importance of microbial deposits in mo-dern coral reefs and of 'microbialites' in biogeochemical cycles of modern coral reef systems. The re-sults also provide evidence of modern analogues for ancient microbialites in shallow-water settings, and combine with sedimentological studies of ancient microbialites to understand their controls.

关键词： Microbialite Meiji reef Nansha Island south china sea

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TYPHOON WAVES AND WAVE HEIGHTS FOR DIFFERENT RETURN PERIODS IN THE NEARSHORE WATERS OF THE ZHUJIANG RIVER MOUTH

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china Ocean Engineering 1987年第2期1卷 67-75页

作者： Zhang Jinghan Li Shaoying (south china {2. institute of oceanology, Academia Sinica, guangzhou) Acad Sinica Guangzhou China Acad Sinica Guangzhou China

Based on the characteristics of typhoon as well as the complicated geographic and water-depth conditions in the nearshore waters of the Zhujiang River mouth, typhoon waves from every main direction in this area and wave heights for different return periods are analysed and computed with various methods, so as to provide certain design basis for the construction of nearshore and coastal engineering works in the waters in question.

关键词： TYPHOON WAVES AND WAVE HEIGHTS FOR DIFFERENT RETURN PERIODS IN THE NEARSHORE WATERS OF THE ZHUJIANG RIVER MOUTH

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Ecological-sedimentary zonations and carbonate deposition,Xiaodonghai Reef Flat,Sanya,Hainan Island,china

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Science china Earth Sciences 2011年第3期54卷 359-371页

作者： WANG Yue1,2. SHEN JianWei1 & LONG JiangPing3 1 Department of Marine Geology, south china {2. institute of oceanology cas Key Laboratory of Marginal {2. Geology, south china {2. institute of oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,{12., china 2.Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, china 3 The Second Institution of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou 310012. china 1. Department of Marine Geology South China Sea Institute of Oceanology Guangzhou China2. Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China4. CAS Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology South China Sea Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510301 China3. The Second Institution of Oceanography State Oceanic Administration Hangzhou 310012 China

Modern fringing reefs are developed on the intertidal to subtidal area of Xiaodonghai bay, Sanya, Hainan Island. The reef flat extends several dozen meters toward the sea. Various ecological and sedimentary zonations can be distinguished, including, from land to sea, beachrocks, large massive corals, inner reef flat, outer reef flat, and fore-reef slope. The carbonate sediments and constituent hermatypic coral communities are different in these zones. The beachrocks are composed mainly of biological sands, including coral skeletons, algae, gastropods, bivalves, and benthic foraminifera. Quartz sands are less common in this zone. Carbonate diagenesis in beachrocks is characterized by early cementation. The fringing reef flat is progradationally developed toward the sea. Large massive corals grew in the zone next to the beachrocks. These corals are large, flat-toped, and autochthonous in the production of bioclastic grains and lime mud. Large and massive coral skeletons are surrounded by coral skeletal grains, bioclasts, and lime-mud sediments. The inner reef flat consists mainly of skeletons of branching corals that are covered by bioclasts and lime mud, and living corals are mostly massive in form. Statistical analysis of coral-community dynamics shows that the outer reef flat with strong waves is the most suitable place for hermatypic corals to flourish. There, the living corals are most densely distributed. Both massive corals and branching corals (e.g., Acropora corymbosa) are exceptionally healthy in this zone. Bioclasts and lime mud are washed out due to strong wave action. Microbial carbonates generally are deposited within cavities of the beachrocks and coral skeletal cavities and on the surfaces of bioclastic grains. The latter two types, however, are more common. Ecological-sedimentary zonations across the Xiaodonghai reef flat from beachrocks to outer reef flat are controlled by variations in wave strength and water energy. Microbial carbonates rarely deve

关键词： microbial carbonates ecological-sedimentary zonation cementation reef flat Hainan Island

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The distribution characteristics of clay minerals in the northern south china {2.

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 1993年第1期12卷 145-157页

作者： Tang Zhili and Wang Youqiang south china {2. institute of oceanology, Academia Sinica, guangzhou 5103.1, china south china {2. institute of oceanology Academia Sinica Guangzhou 510301 China

The clay minearals are composed of illite, chlorite, kaolinite, montmorillonite and mixed-layer minerals in the submarine sediments of the northern south china {2.. Three types of clay mineral zone can be recognized on the basis of the distributive regularity of clay minerals, submarine relief, hydrodynamic conditions and depositional characteristics in this region. Apart from the northern mainland source, kaolinites carried from the Philippines volcanic arc in the east and Malaysia in the south are also assumed to be one of the sources of the clay minerals in the deep {2.. The increase of chlorites to the abyssal direction in the west of 116° E might be associated with the residual chlorites carried from the ancient Zhujiang River during the glacial period and the conversion of kaolinite into chlorite submarine volcanoes appear to be one of the sources of the increment of montmorillonite and chlorite around the Huangyan Island. From the distribution pattern of clay minerals in the whole area, it is known that the types of clay mineral assemblage in the study area are mainly controlled by climate and rock types of the source are-

关键词： The distribution characteristics of clay minerals in the northern south china {2.

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Geophysical survey on the tectonic and sediment distribution of Qinghai Lake basin

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Science china Earth Sciences 2006年第8期49卷 851-861页

作者： AN Zhisheng1, WANG Ping2. SHEN Ji3, ZHANG Yixiang2. ZHANG Peizhen4, WANG Sumin3, LI Xiaoqiang1, SUN Qianli1, SONG Yougui1, AI Li1, ZHANG Yechun2. JIANG Shaoren2. LIU Xingqi3 & WANG Yong31. institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences (cas), Xi’an 710075,{2. 2. south china sea institute of oceanology, cas, guangzhou 5103.1,{2. 3. Nanjing institute of Geography and Limnology, cas, Nanjing 2.0008,{2. 4. institute of Geology,{2. Earthquake Administration, Beijing 10002.,{2. 1. institute of Earth Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Xi’an 710075 China 2. south china sea institute of oceanology CAS Guangzhou 510301 China 3. Nanjing institute of Geography and Limnology CAS Nanjing 210008 China 4. institute of Geology China Earthquake Administration Beijing 100029 China

The intensive geophysical survey of Qinghai Lake reveals the buried depth of lake sediments and their distribution features. The result indicates that there are three important inter- phases of Qinghai Lake sediments: T1 is the rife interphase of the lake, above which sediments are spread all over the lake basin with roughly the same thickness; T5 is the interphase from which the neotectonic sedimentary cycle begins, and its above sedimentary environment is relatively stable; Tg is the base of the lake basin. Five west-northwest (WNW) fault belts defined the tectonic structure of Qinghai Lake basin: the central hunch around Haixin Shan with two subbasins both in its north and south. The thickness of the lake sediments varies at different places, the thickest sediments are found within the two subbasins. According to the depth that the Sparker System can reach, sediment in the northern subbasin is deeper than 560 m, while sediment in the southern subbasin is deeper than 700 m. The correlation between the seismic sequence stratigraph and the lithology of onshore core shows that Qinghai Lake sediments consist of muddy silt, clay silt, silty clay, gravel silty clay, etc.

关键词： sediment, geophysical survey, Qinghai Lake.

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Impacts of Typhoons Tianying and Dawei on seagrass distribution in Xincun Bay,Hainan Province,china

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2011年第1期30卷 32-39页

作者： YANG Dingtian HUANG Daojian cas key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Environmental Dynamics South China Sea Instituteof Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510301 China south china {2. of Environmental Sciences Ministry of Environmental Protection of thePeople＇s Republic of China Guangzhou 510655 China

More than 50% of the typhoons landing in china have landed on the southeast coast, where they have caused great pressure on the coastal environment. {2.grass, one of the most important con- stituents of coastal ecosystems, is also greatly affected by typhoons. In order to clarify how {2.grass distribution variation is affected by typhoons in coastal areas in southeast china, data of Typhoons Dawei and Tianying （category 4 and category 2.respectively, which just ran through the southern part of Hainan province） have been studied. In situ observation and satellite remote sensing data （CBERS-china Brazil Earth Resources Satellite） in 2.04 and 2.06 were used to retrieve {2.grass distribution in Xincun Bay, Hainan province. In situ observations showed that leaf length, stem biomass and above ground biomass on average showed evidence of reduction after Typhoons Tiany- ing and Dawei. However, {2.grass density showed no evidence of reduction after typhoon Tianying and Dawei passed by and increased rapidly in January 2.06. From results of satellite remote sensing data, {2.grass distribution can be detected with high accuracy, and the area of {2.grass distribution on the south coast of Xincun Bay in 2.06 after the typhoon passed by was smaller than that in 2.04 in region A and B. However, in region C, area of {2.grass coverage under 2.% increased. These results demonstrated that typhoons Tianying and Dawei damaged {2.grass bed and helped {2.grass to get rid of aged and dead leaves, and this correspondingly facilitated {2.grass growth.

关键词： seagrass Typhoon Tianying and Dawei Xincun Bay

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A preliminary analysis on lithospheric thickness and crustal ages in central basin of south china {2.

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 1997年第1期16卷 85-107页

作者： Chen Xue and Lin Jinfeng south china {2. institute of oceanology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, guangzhou 5103.1, china south china {2. institute of oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510301 China

The models about lithospheric thickness and thermal conduction inside the lithosphere and the top layer of the asthenosphere have been proposed in this study for four type regions: the midoceanic ridge, the extinct spreading ridge, the lithospheric fault fissure and the mouth of the extinct submarine volcanoes which are in deep sea bottom. The solutions of the models are found to be the same. The formulas of temperature distribution inside the lithosphere and the top layer of the asthenosphere, the lithospheric thicknesses to the heat flow and the crustal ages to the heat flow are obtained. The crustal ages and the lithospheric thicknesses of the central basin are calculated. And they are used to draw the lithospheric thicknesses and crustal ages maps of the central basin (in this paper both the central basin and the basin are the central basin of the south{2. sea). According to their characteristics, the central basin is divided into three regions. The lithospheric thicknesses, crustal ages and heat flow distribution characteristics are discussed respectively. The formation and evolution of the south{2. sea are analysed and it is thought that the south{2. sea has undergone three episode-seafloor spreadings.

关键词： Thermal conduction equation lithospheric thickness crustal age evolution

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Assessment of coral bleaching using symbiotic zooxanthellae density and satellite remote sensing data in the Nansha Islands,south china {2.

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2011年第10期56卷 1031-1037页

作者： LI Shu,YU KeFu,CHEN TianRan,SHI Qi & ZHANG HuiLing cas Key Laboratory of Marginal sea Geology,{2. china sea institute of oceanology,Chinese Academy of Sciences guangzhou 5103.1,china cas Key Laboratory of Marginal sea Geology South China Sea Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou China

Coral bleaching,characterized by a significant loss of symbiotic zooxanthellae,is the primary cause of mass coral mortality and reef degradation throughout the *** characteristics,processes,and resistance of corals to bleaching varies significantly and is dependent on environmental *** documented a mass coral bleaching event in June 2.07 at the Meiji and Zhubi Reefs,Nansha Islands (NS),south china {2. using ecological surveys and measurement of coral zooxanthellae density and {2. surface temperatures (SST).More than 35 species of corals (between 0-2. m in depth) were *** bleached corals accounted for 15.6% of total corals in the investigated *** branching corals Pocillopora and Acropora were the most vulnerable species whereas the massive corals Porites and Favia were more tolerant of the high ***,we found no evidence of bleaching in Agariciidae corals suggesting that this family is resistant to thermal *** bleached corals had lost 72.-90% of their symbiotic ***,corals that had no visual signs of bleaching had also lost 31%-53% of their zooxanthellae suggesting that most corals were experiencing the early stage of *** monthly mean SST during June 2.07 was 30.8°C,the highest since *** on measurements of SST and the Hotspots and DHW data (NOAA),we conclude that it the extremely high SSTs triggered this coral bleaching *** results suggest that the previously accepted temperature thresholds used to predict coral bleaching based on satellite data are likely to underestimate the extent and intensity of coral bleaching,at least in the NS.

关键词：珊瑚礁南沙群岛中国南海卫星遥感数据漂白黄藻密度共生

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CHGS method for numerical forecasting of typhoon waves-Ⅰ. Spectrum of waves in growing phase

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 1990年第3期9卷 343-352页

作者： Sui Shifeng south china {2. institute of oceanology, Academia Sinica, guangzhou, china

Owing to the fact that the wind speed and direction of typhoon vary rapidly with time and space in typhoon fetch; the nearer to the typhoon eye the greater the wind velocity, and the shorter the wind fetch the smaller the wind time,as a result,the more difficult for the wind wave to fully grow. *** typhoon wave numerical calculation it is impossible to use the model for a fully grown wave spectrum. Lately, the author et at. presented a CHGS method for numerical forecasting of typhoon waves, where a model for the growing wave spectrum was set up (see Eq. (2. in the text). The model involves a parameter indicating the growing degree of wind wave, i. e. ,the mean wave age β. When βvalue is small, the wave energy is chiefly concentrated near the peak frequency, so that the spectral peak gets high and steep; with the increase of β the spectral shape gradually gets lower and gentler; when β=Ⅰ, the wave fully grows, the growing spectrum becomes a fully grown P-M spectrum. The model also shows a spectral “overshooting” phenomenon within the “balance zone”.

关键词： Spectrum of waves in growing phase CHGS method for numerical forecasting of typhoon waves

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Heat oscillation in the upper ocean of the southern south{2. sea

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 1992年第3期11卷 375-387页

作者： He Youhai, Guan Cuihua and Gan Zijun south china {2. institute of oceanology, Academia Sinica, guangzhou 5103.1, china

Data used in this study are temperature/depth profiles taken over the upper 400 m of the ocean in the southern south{2. sea (4°-14° N, 106°-12.° E) for the period 1961-1973. The data are analyzed on the grid 2.(latitude) by 2.(longitude) in space and bimonthly in time. The vertically averaged temperature (TAV) over the upper 100 m of the ocean is calculated as the estimate of the heat content in the upper *** TAV is cooler in the northwest region of the study area and warmer in the southeast in the annual and seasonal mean figures. The first EOF (Empirical Orthogonal Function) of anomalous TAV accounts for 41 % of the total variance for the period 1961-1973. The time function associated with it displays a significant interannual changes in the heat content, with 2.4 a oscillation period and associated with the ENSO events. During ENSO event TAV increases with the tendency of increasing towards equator along the basin. This anomalous states also exist in the water layers below 100 m depth. The isotherm is usually deepened during ENSO period. The deepened amplitude of the isotherm decreases with depth, and varies with ENSO events, seasons and regions. The reason for that is related to weak monsoon in El Nino year and associated eddy activity. Besides this, there is a gain in heat in the upper ocean because of the strong subtropical high during ENSO period.

关键词： heat Heat oscillation in the upper ocean of the southern south{2. sea

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