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Abnormal high pressure in Kuqa foreland thrust belt of Tarim basin: Origin and impacts on hydrocarbon accumulation

Progress in Natural Science:Materials International 2006年第12期16卷 1307-1314页

作者： ZENG Lianbo~1** and LIU Benming~ 1,2.(1. Key Laboratory of Hydrocarbon Accumulation in china Petroleum University, Ministry of Education, beijing 102.49, china 2. The Institute of Oil and Gas exploration and Development, Tarim Oilfield Company, petrochina Company Limited, Korla 841000, china) Key Laboratory of Hydrocarbon Accumulation in china Petroleum University Ministry of Education Beijing 102249 China The Institute of Oil and Gas exploration and Development Tarim Oilfield Company PetroChina Company Limited Korla 841000 China

Following analyses of the abnormal high pressure distribution characteristics, based on the geological characteristics, tectonic stress field and physical simulation, we investigated the formation mechanisms of abnormal high pressure and its impacts on hydrocarbon accumulation in the Kuqa foreland thrust belt. The abnormal high pressure appears at the bottom of the Paleogene and obviously exists in the Triassic and Jurassic. However, the pressure coefficient in the Triassic and Jurassic is lower than that in the Cretaceous and at the bottom of the Paleogene. Horizontally, the abnormal high pressure distribution is characterized by E-W orientation zoning. The maximum pressure coefficient lies in the Kelasu-Dongqiu-Dina tectonic zones in the center of the Kuqa foreland thrust belt and decreases away from the tectonic zones. The formation of abnormal high pressure was mainly related with the intense tectonic compression in the Early Pleistocene time, and tectonic uplifting, undercompaction and hydrocarbon generation were secondary factors contributing to abnormal high pressure. Under the rapid and intense tectonic compression in the Early Pleistocene, the rock framework firstly undertook 1/4 of the compression stress and the other was borne by the pore fluids. Due to the presence of great seal of gypsum-salt or gypsum-mudstone beds in the Paleogene, the pressure of pore fluids increased rapidly and led to the abnormal high pressure in the Kuqa foreland thrust belt. The abnormal high pressure has important impacts on hydrocarbon accumulation. It is one of the necessary conditions for formation of large oil and gas fields in the Kuqa foreland thrust belt.

关键词： abnormal high pressure formation mechanism oil and gas reservoir Kuqa foreland thrust belt Tarim basin.

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Evaluation criteria for gas source rocks of marine carbonate in china

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Progress in Natural Science:Materials International 2005年第9期15卷 810-817页

作者： WANG Zhaoyun1**, ZHAO Wenzhi1 and WANG Yunpeng2.1. Research Institute of Petroleum exploration & Development,petrochina, {2. 100083, china 2. Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, china) Research Institute of Petroleum exploration and Development PetroChina Beijing 100083 China Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510640 China

Hydrocarbon generating and expulsion simulation experiments are carried out using samples artifically matched between the acid-dissolved residue of relatively low-maturity limestone and the original sample. This work makes up for the insufficiency of source rock samples with high abundance of organic matters and low maturity in china. The organic carbon content of the 10 prepared samples varies between 0.15% and 0.74%. Pyrolysis data and simulation experiment results of hydrocarbon generating and expulsion, which were obtained by a high-temperature and high-pressure open system, indicate that the lower limit of organic carbon content for marine carbonate rock to generate and expel hydrocarbons is 0.2.%—0.31%. In combination with the numerical analysis of organic carbon in marine carbonate rocks from Tarim Basin, Sichuan Basin, Ordos Basin and North china, as well as the contribution of these gas source rocks to the discovered gas pools, we think that the organic carbon criterion for carbonate gas source rocks should be 0.3%.

关键词： carbonate gas source rock gas-generating efficiency evaluation criteria simulation experiment.

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Natural gas origins of large and medium-scale gas fields in china sedimentary basins

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Science china Earth Sciences 2008年第S1期51卷 1-13页

作者： ZHANG ShuiChang &ZHU GuangYou Research Center of Research Institutes of petrochina exploration and Development,{2. 100083,china Research Center of Research Institutes of petrochina exploration and Development Beijing China

china sedimentary basins present abundant natural gas resource thanks to its unique geological *** highly-matured hydrocarbon source rocks,widespread coal-measure strata and low temperature Quaternary saline strata,etc.,indicate the wide foreground of china natural gas resources. Up to now,most of the petroliferous basins have been discovered to have wholesale natural gas accumulation from Precambrian,Paleozoic,Mesozoic to Cenozoic in the east,the central,the west and the coast of *** large and medium-scale gas reservoirs are mainly composed of hydrocarbon gas with big dry coefficient,tiny non-hydrocarbon,wide carbon isotope distribution and varying origin types,the hydrocarbon gas includes coal-formed gas,oil-formed gas,biogenic gas and inorganic gas, ***-formed gas is the main type of china natural gas resources,in particular several explored large-scale gas fields(>100 billion cubic meter)of Kela 2.Sulige and Daniudi,etc.,they all belong to coal-formed gas fields or the gas fields consisting mostly of coal-formed ***-formed gas is also abundant in china marine basins,for example marine natural gas of Sichuan Basin generated from crude oil cracking *** and secondary biogenic gas fields were discovered respectively in the Qaidam Basin and Western Slope of Songliao *** addition,inorganic gases are mainly distributed in the eastern china,in particular the Songliao Basin with abundant carbon dioxide accumulation,indicating that the eastern china present large exploration potential of inorganic gas.

关键词： natural gas origin sedimentary basin large and medium-scale gas field

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Geochemical characteristics and origin of gases from the Upper,Lower Paleozoic and the Mesozoic reservoirs in the Ordos Basin,china

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Science china Earth Sciences 2008年第S1期51卷 183-194页

作者： HU AnPing 1 ,Li Jian 2.,ZHANG WenZheng 3 ,LI ZhiSheng 2.,HOU Lu 4 &LIU QuanYou 5 1 Department of Earth Sciences,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou 31002.,china 2.Langfang Branch,Reasearch Institute of Petroleum exploration and Development,{2.,Langfang 065007,china 3 Institute of exploration and Development,{2. Changqing Oilfield Company,Xi’an 71002.,china 4 University of Petroleum,beijing102.49,china 5 {2. Research Institute of Petroleum exploration and Development,beijing 100083,china Department of Earth Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China Langfang Branch Reasearch Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChina Langfang China Institute of exploration and Development PetroChina Changqing Oilfield Company Xi’an China University of Petroleum Beijing China petrochina Research Institute of Petroleum exploration and Development Beijing China

The Ordos Basin,the second largest sedimentary basin in china,contains the broad distribution of natural gas *** far,several giant gas fields have been discovered in the Upper and Lower Paleozoic in this basin,each having over 1000×10 8 m 3 of proven gas reserves,and several gas pools have also been discovered in the *** paper collected the data of natural gases and elucidated the geochemical characteristics of gases from different reservoirs,and then discussed their *** hydrocarbons preserved in the Upper Paleozoic,the elevatedδ13C values of methane,ethane and propane indicate that the gases would be mainly coal-formed gases;the singular reversal in the stable carbon isotopes of gaseous alkanes suggests the mixed gases from humic sources with different *** the Lower Paleozoic,theδ13C 1 values are mostly similar with those in the Upper Paleozoic,but theδ13C 2.andδ13C 3 values are slightly lighter,suggesting that the gases would be mixing of coal-type gases as a main member and oil-type *** are multiple reversals in carbon isotopes for gaseous alkanes,especially abnormal reversal for methane and ethane(i.e.δ13C 1 >δ13C 2.),inferring that gases would be mixed between high-mature coal-formed gases and oil-type *** the Mesozoic,the δ13Cvalues for gaseous alkanes are enriched in 12.,indicating that the gases are mainly derived from sapropelic sources;the carbon isotopic reversal for propane and butane in the Mesozoic is caused by microbial oxidation and mixing of gases from sapropelic sources with different *** contrast to the Upper Paleozoic gases,the Mesozoic gases are characterized by heavier carbon isotopes of iso-butane than normal butane,which may be caused by gases generated from different kerogen types. Finally,according toδ13C 1 -Ro relationship and extremely low total organic carbon contents,the Low Paleozoic gases would not be generated from the Ordovician source as a main gas source,bycontrast, the Upper Pale

关键词： Ordos Basin natural gas chemical composition carbon isotope genesis

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Neutron and density logging responses to gas reservoir for well-balanced and under-balanced logging:Gas reservoirs of sandstone in a western china field

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Science china Earth Sciences 2008年第S2期51卷 201-206页

作者： WU WenSheng1,XIAO LiZhi1 & ZHANG LongHai2.1 Resource & Information Department,china University of Petroleum,beijing 102.49,china 2.Research Institute of Petroleum exploration and Development,petrochina,beijing 100083,china Resource & Information Department China University of Petroleum Beijing China Research Institute of Petroleum exploration and Development PetroChina Beijing China

Studying the response differences between neutron and density logging of gas reservoir for well-balanced and under-balanced logging will be of significance in evaluation of gas reservoir under the under-balanced condition and application of logging data. With Monte Carlo simulation technique,the paper obtains the relationship between neutron and density logging measurement and borehole di-ameter,porosity or gas saturation for well-balanced and under-balanced logging. The conclusions show that the response trend of under-balanced logging to gas reservoirs agrees with that of well-balanced logging with small borehole,and under-balanced logging data can be used usually as well-balanced logging data. When borehole diameter is large,under-balanced logging data should be corrected for the influences of borehole.

关键词： under-balanced logging density logging neutron logging gas reservoir response

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An analysis of seismic attenuation in random porous media

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Science china(Physics,Mechanics & Astronomy) 2010年第4期53卷 628-637页

作者： LIU Jiong1, BA Jing2. MA JianWei1 & YANG HuiZhu1 1 Institute of Seismic exploration, School of Aerospace, Tsinghua University, beijing 100084,{2. 2.Research Institute of Petroleum exploration & Development, petrochina, beijing 100083,{2. Institute of Seismic exploration School of Aerospace Tsinghua University Beijing China Research Institute of Petroleum exploration & Development PetroChina Beijing China

The attenuation of seismic wave in rocks has been one of the interesting research topics, but till now no poroelasticity models can thoroughly explain the strong attenuation of wave in rocks. In this paper, a random porous medium model is designed to study the law of wave propagation in complex rocks based on the theory of Biot poroelasticity and the general theory of stochastic process. This model sets the density of grain, porosity, permeability and modulus of frame as random parameters in space, and only one fluid infiltrates in rocks for the sake of better simulation effect in line with real rocks in earth strata. Numerical simulations are implemented. Two different inverse quality factors of fast P-wave are obtained by different methods to assess attenuation through records of virtual detectors in wave field (One is amplitude decay method in time domain and the other is spectral ratio method in frequency domain). Comparing the attenuation results of random porous medium with those of homogeneous porous medium, we conclude that the attenuation of seismic wave of homogeneous porous medium is far weaker than that of random porous medium. In random porous media, the higher heterogeneous level is, the stronger the attenuation becomes, and when heterogeneity σ = 0.15 in simulation, the attenuation result is consistent with that by actual observation. Since the central frequency (50 Hz) of source in numerical simulation is in earthquake band, the numerical results prove that heterogeneous porous structure is one of the important factors causing strong attenuation in real stratum at intermediate and low frequency.

关键词： the theory of stochastic process the theory of Biot poroelasticity the attenuation of seismic wave inverse quality factor

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Geological analysis and physical modeling of structural pumping in high effective formation of Kela 2.gas field

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Science china Earth Sciences 2006年第10期49卷 1070-1078页

作者： ZHAO Wenzhi1, WANG Hongjun1, SHAN Jiazeng2. WANG Zecheng1 & XU Dafeng1 1. Research Institute of Petroleum exploration and Development, petrochina, {2. 100083, china 2. Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, {2. 10002., china Research Institute of Petroleum exploration and Development Petrochina Beijing China Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China

In a 3-D closed geological body, in case “structural expanding” inside is induced by stress, it can produce the pressure difference between the expanding cell and surrounding rock, then generate a pumping force directed toward the cell and accelerate the directional flow of fluid in the strata. The structural style and conditions of gas reservoir-formation in the Kuqa depression are favorable to the structural pumping. According to similarity principle, a physical modeling of structure formation and gas filling process of the Kela 2.gas field has justified the occurrence of structural pumping and its important role in gas-reservoir formation with high efficiency under the compressive and well-sealed circumstance. Therefore, authors propose that structural pumping is an important mechanism of gas reservoir-formation with high efficiency in the Kuqa depression.

关键词： Kela 2 gas field, structural pumping, gas-reservoir formation mechanism, high efficiency,physical modeling.

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The control of syndepositional faulting on the Eogene sedimentary basin fills of the Dongying and Zhanhua sags, Bohai Bay Basin

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Science china Earth Sciences 2004年第9期47卷 769-782页

作者： LIN Changsong1, ZHENG Herong2. REN Jianye1, LIU Jingyan1 & Qiu Yigang1 1. Department of Energy Geology, china University of Geosciences, beijing 100083, china 2. Petroleum exploration and production Institute, Sino-Petroleum and Chemistry Cooperation, beijing 100083, china Department of Energy Geology China University of Geosciences Beijing China Petroleum exploration and production Institute Sino-Petroleum and Chemistry Cooperation Beijing China

The Dongying and Zhanhua sags are the major hydrocarbon exploration and produc- tion subbasins in the Bohai Bay Basin. Integrated analysis of the sedimentary basin fills has shown that the syndepositional faults and their arrangement styles exerted an important influ- ence on the development and distribution of the Eogene depositional systems. The sedimentary filling evolution of the subbasins reflects the general control of the episodic rifting process. The major long-term active normal faults formed a series of paleogeomorphic accident or slopebreak zones that commonly delineated the subsidiary palaeostructural units and the depositional facies tracts and constrained the general distribution of sedimentary facies zones. The central sag boundary fault slopebreak zones usually determined the distribution of the depocenters of ter- restrial clastic depositional systems, particularly the lowstand fans or deltaic depositional sys- tems, and have proven to be the economically important targets for the exploration of subtle sandstone reservoirs. A variety of syndepositional fault arrangement patterns, including the par- allel, en echelon, combo-like, broom-like fault systems and the fault overlap or transfer zones, have been recognized in the subbasins. They generated distinctive geomorphic features and exerted a direct influence on sediment dispersal and sandbody distribution during the Eogene synrift stage. It is the key for the prediction of depositional systems tracts and reservoir sand- stones to investigate the activity and distribution of the fault slopebreak zones and reconstruct the structural paleogeomorphy in different basin filling stages of the basin evolution.

关键词： episodic rifting, fault slopebreak zone, depositional pattern, Bohai Bay Basin.

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Seismic multi-arch structures in East china

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Science china Earth Sciences 2006年第2期49卷 133-146页

作者： YANG Wencai1 & CHEN Zhide2.1.Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, beijing 100037, china 2.Daqing Institute of Petroleum {2. and production, Daqing 163712. china Institute of Geology Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences Beijing China Daqing Institute of Petroleum exploration and production Daqing China

In previous papers (Wencai, 2.02. 2.03), the author has analyzed the deep seismic reflection profiles along some of the Mesozoic plutons in East china, and has pointed out that the crustal structures around these intrusions usually correlate with a special seismic fabric called the seismic multi-arch structure. This paper will continue to show main characteristics of the seismic multi-arch structures and discuss their relationship with mantle-origin magmatism and the lithospheric thinning process. Calibration of seismic reflectors in Chinese continental drilling sites shows that small-scale arch-like reflectors can be generated by fractured eclogites or other plutons, they do not belong to the multi-arch structure specially discussed in the paper. The multi-arch structure is char-acterized by several arch-like reflectors distributed in both the upper and lower crust with granitoid plutons or stocks exposed on the surface, which do not have obvious negative Europium anomalies. Based on the distribution pattern of arch reflectors, the multi-arch magmatic structures can be divided into three main types, namely the simple vertical combination type, the spread arch magmatic struc-ture and the arch-bouquet structure. All of them correlate to mantle-origin magmatism, but occur in different places. The spread arch magmatic structures occur within a Mesozoic/Cenozoic rift zone with very thin and hot lithosphere. The vertical combination type of the multi-arch structures occurred near the rift zones where lithosphere was thin and hot. The arch-bouquet magmatic structures occur far from the rift zones where the lithosphere is not hot. The continental rifting acted as the late episode of the lithospheric thinning process seeing that the rift zones usually coincide with the thinnest parts of the lithosphere in East china. In different locations within the lithospheric thinning areas, mantle-origin magmatic activities have different characteristics, which might generate different

关键词： deep seismic reflection, multi-arch structure, eclogite bodies, mantle-origin magmatism, East china.

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The formation mechanism of high-quality dolomite reservoir in the deep of Puguang Gas Field

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Science china Earth Sciences 2008年第S1期51卷 53-64页

作者： MA YongSheng 1 ,GUO TongLou 1 ,ZHAO XueFeng 2.&CAI XunYu 1 1 Southern exploration&production Company,Sinopec,Kunming 6502.0,{2. 2.3} University of Mining and Technology,beijing 100083,{2. Southern exploration & production Company Sinopec China china University of Mining and Technology Beijing China

The discovery of Puguang Gas Field provides the exploration of china deep marine carbonate rock with important *** Puguang Gas Field,the dolomite reservoirs discovered in the deep are the best in the present of china,which present big thickness and wide-range distribution,and develop abundant secondary *** researches show that Puguang Gas Field bears the characteristics of early gas-filling time,deep burial,high matured organic matter and long-term interaction of hydrocarbon(oil and gas)-water-rock(carbonate reservoir).The developments of secondary pores in this area are affected by multiple diagenesis and their formation mechanisms are *** the research on depositional environment,sedimentary facies and reservoir porosity characters of Changxing and Feixianguan Formations,it is thought that high-quality dolomite reservoirs of Puguang Gas Field form on the favorable sedimentary facies belts,which are the integrate result affected by several factors including superficial corrosion,burial corrosion,overpressure and tectonic movement,among which burial corrosion of TSR to reservoir and overpressure formed by thermal evolution of organic matter have great effect on the formation of secondary porosity of Changxing and Feixianguan Formations.

关键词： deep high-quality reservoir dolomite corrosion Puguang Gas Field Sichuan Basin

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