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Gas formation mechanism of marine carbonate source rocks in china

Science china Earth Sciences 2005年第4期48卷 441-453页

作者： ZHAO Wenzhi1, WANG Zhaoyun1, HE Haiqing2. ZHANG Mingjie3, WANG Hongjun1, WANG Yunpeng4 & QIN Yong5 1. Research Institute of Petroleum exploration & Development, petrochina, {2. 100083, china 2. petrochina exploration & production, beijing 100011, china 3. Department of Geology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, china 4. Guangzhou Geochemical Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, china 5. china University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 2.1000, china Research Institute of Petroleum exploration & Development PetroChinaBeijin China petrochina exploration & {2. Beijing China Department of Geology Lanzhou University Lanzhou China Guangzhou Geochemical Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou China china University of Mining and Technology Xuzhou China

By breaking through the conventional ideology on the study of gas-formation mechanism of source rocks which focused on merely the characteristics of source rocks them- selves, and based on the development and distribution characteristics of marine carbonate source rocks in the medium-to-bottom parts of the Chinese superimposed sedimentary basins as well as various processes in the course of gas generation and reservoir forming, the complex hydrocarbon-generating model of carbonates is established. Such a model concerns not only the “three-stage” gas formation characteristics of carbonates, but also the gas generation process due to a thermal cracking of oil and the re-generation process of gas from heated secondary organic matters during the gas-generation and reservoir-forming course. The high-quality hy- drocarbon generating matter of marine carbonate source rocks determined a high gas-oil ratio and tended to form paleo-oil-reservoirs, representing an enrichment process of organic matters. The thermal cracking of oil in palaeo-oil-reservoirs is an important means for the effective forma- tion of gas reservoirs. The secondary organic matters in carbonate reservoirs may regenerate gas after a secondary deep burial, thus becoming an effective gas source.

关键词： carbonate, three-stage hydrocarbon generation, inhibitive effect of maturity, oil-cracking gas, second-ary asphalt gas.

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Structural characteristics and petroliferous features of Tarim Basin

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2002年第S1期47卷 1-11页

作者： JIA Chengzao~1 & WEI Guoqi~2.1. petrochina Company Limited, beijing 100011,{2. 2. Langfang Branch of Research Institute of Petroleum exploration & Development, petrochina, Langfang 065007,{2. petrochina Company Limited Beijing China Langfang Branch of Research Institute of Petroleum exploration & Development PetroChina Langfang China

Using the modern tectonic geology theories andmethods such as the plate tectonic analysis, the paleo-struc-ture analysis, the structural-Iithofacies analysis, and the faultrelated fold and petroleum system, and combining with theseismic data, well drilling data and the circumferential fieldgeology, study on the structural characteristics and petro-leum prospect in the Tarim Basin has been carried out. Re-sults show that the Tarim Basin is a large superimpositionand combination basin with continental crustal basement,composed of a Paleozoic craton and Meso-Cenozoic forelandbasins. The characteristics of the basin are: the kernel partof the basin is the marine facies Paleozoic craton, superim-posed 4 continental facies foreland basins. Though the scaleof the paleozoic craton of the Tarim Basin is relatively small,the structure is steady. The petroleum prospect of the Paleo-zoic craton is: multiphase pool-generation and accumulationcontrolled by ancient uplift. The Meso-Cenozoic forelandbasins in the Tarim Basin, which are distributed on the era-tonic circumference and are a long-term subsidence, turnedinto rejuvenated foreland basins after the Meso-Cenozoicperiod. The petroleum prospects are: coal-bed generatinghydrocarbon, abundant natural gas, pool-generation in laterand recent periods, the oil and gas distribution controlled bythe foreland thrust belt. The structural characteristics ofTarim provide it with a superimposition and combinationpetroleum system of multiple resources, multiple reservoirsand multiphase pool-generation. The oil and gas explorationprospect covers two large fields: the Paleozoic craton and theMeso-Cenozoic foreland thrust belt.

关键词： Tarim superimposition and combination basin craton foreland basin superimposition and combination petroleum system.

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Discovery of a Late Permian Angara-Cathaysia mixed flora from Acheng of Heilongjiang,china,with discussions on the closure of the Paleoasian Ocean

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Science china Earth Sciences 2009年第12期52卷 1746-1755页

作者： DENG ShengHui1,2. WAN ChuanBiao3 & YANG JianGuo3 1 Research Institute of Petroleum exploration and Development, petrochina, {2. 100083, china 2.State Key Laboratory of Enhanced Oil Recovery, {2. 100083 china 3 Daqing Institute of Petroleum exploration and Development, petrochina, Daqing 164712. china Research Institute of Petroleum exploration and Development PetroChina Beijing China State Key Laboratory of Enhanced Oil Recovery Beijing China Daqing Institute of Petroleum exploration and Development PetroChina Daqing China

This work documents a new flora from the Upper Permian Hongshan Formation of Acheng County, Heilongjiang Province, Northwest china. The flora consists of 2. species: Paracalamites sp., Pecopteris tangwangheensis Huang, Callipteris obese Huang, Callipteris shenshuensis Huang, C. tangwangheensis Huang, C. heilongjiangensis Huang, C. zeilleri Zalessky, C. sp., Comia yichunensis Huang, C. tenueaxis Huang, Iniopteris sibirica Zalessky, Supaia teiliensis Huang, Compsopteris tchirkovae Zalessky, C. cf. adzvensis Zalessky, Nilssonia sp. 1, Nil. sp. 2. Taeniopteris cf. densissima Halle, T. cf. nystraemii Halle, T. sp. and Noeggerathiopsis derzavinii Neub. It is dominated by Angara species but mixed with some typical Cathaysian elements. The age of the flora is assigned to late of the Late Permian according to the stratigraphic ranges of the known species and the comparisons of it with the similar floras. The new discovery indicates that the final collision between the North china Plate and Siberian Plate occurred in Late Permian along the Xar Moron River-Changchun-Yanji sutured zone, and the Paleoasian Ocean was finally closed at the end of the Permian.

关键词： Late Permian mixed Angara-Cathaysia flora Paleoasian Ocean plate collision Heilongjiang Province of china

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Natural gas geochemistry and its origins in Kuqa depression

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Science china Earth Sciences 2008年第S1期51卷 174-182页

作者： LIU QuanYou 1 ,QIN ShengFei 1 ,LI Jian 2.,LIU WenHui 3 ,ZHANG DianWei 3 ,ZHOU QingHua 1 &HU AnPing 1 1 Research Institute of Petroleum exploration and Development,petrochina,{2. 100083,china 2.Langfang Branch of Research Institute of Petroleum exploration and Development,petrochina,Langfang 065007,china 3 exploration and production Research Institute,SINOPEC,{2. 100083,china Research Institute of Petroleum exploration and Development PetroChina Beijing China Langfang Branch of Research Institute of Petroleum exploration and Development PetroChina Langfang China exploration and production Research Institute SINOPEC Beijing China

According to gas compositional and carbon isotopic measurement of 114 gas samples from the Kuqa depression,accumulation of the natural gases in the depression is dominated by hydrocarbon gases, with high gas dryness(C1/C1-4)at the middle and northern parts of the depression and low one towards east and west sides and southern *** carbon isotopes of methane and its homologues are relatively enriched in 13 C,and the distributive range ofδ13C 1 ,δ13C 2.andδ13C 3 is-32.―-36‰,-2.‰―-2.‰and-2.‰―-2.‰,*** general,the carbon isotopes of gaseous alkanes become less negative with the increase of carbon ***δ13C CO2.value is less than-10‰in the Kuqa depression,indicating its organogenic *** distributive range of 3 He/ 4 He ratio is within n×10-8 and a decrease in 3 He/ 4 He ratio from north to south in the depression is *** on the geochemical parameters of natural gas above,natural gas in the Kuqa depression is of characteristics of coal-type gas *** possible reasons for the partial reversal of stable carbon isotopes of gaseous alkanes involve the mixing of gases from one common source rock with different thermal maturity or from two separated source rock intervals of similar kerogen type,multistages accumulation of natural gas under high-temperature and over-pressure conditions,and sufficiency and diffusion of natural gas.

关键词： Kuqa depression natural gas stable carbon isotope gas origin

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Geological characteristics of large gas provinces and large gas fields in china

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Science china Earth Sciences 2008年第S1期51卷 14-35页

作者： ZOU CaiNeng &TAO ShiZhen Research Institute of Petroleum exploration and Development,petrochina,{2. 100083,china Research Institute of Petroleum exploration and Development PetroChina Beijing China

Based on the examination of the global researches on oil and gas provinces and large gas fields and the analysis of the features,attributes and distribution of large gas provinces and gas fields,this paper puts forward three indicators of determining large oil and gas provinces:spatial indicator,reservoir-forming indicator and resource *** classifies the gas accumulated areas and large gas provinces in china and analyzes the controlling factors on the distribution of large gas provinces and large gas fields:the lateral distribution is mainly controlled by high-energy sedimentary facies and constructive diagenetic facies,palaeo-highs and their periclinal zones,deep faults,etc,and the vertical distribution is mainly controlled by unconformities,series of evaporates and deep low-velocity highly-conductive beds,*** also reveals the main geological characteristics of large gas provinces and large gas fields in *** gas fields in four-type basins have their own characteristics and onland large gas fields are dominantly developed in foreland basins and craton basins;there are three types of gas sources,of which,coal is the main source with high gas generating intensity and varying origins;reservoir rocks of the large gas fields(provinces)are of various types and dominated generally by low-middle permeability and porosity pore-type reservoirs;structural traps and litho-stratigraphic traps coexist in Chinese large gas fields and form dense high abundance and large-area low and middle-abundance large gas fields;most of the large gas fields have late hydrocarbon-generation peaks and reservoir formation,and experienced the process of multiple-stage charging and late finalization; large gas provinces(fields)have good sealing and preservation conditions,and evaporates seals are largely developed in large and extra-large gas *** paper intends to shed light on the exploration and development of large gas fields(provinces)through analyzing their geological

关键词： large gas province large gas field indicator of large oil and gas provinces forming condition distribution characteristics geological feature

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Timing and history of marine hydrocarbon accumulation in Tarim craton

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2002年第S1期47卷 120-127页

作者： ZHAO Jingzhou~(1,2. & LI Qiming~3 1. Department of Petroleum Geology, Xi’an Petroleum Institute, Xi’an 710065, china 2. Research Institute of Petroleum exploration and Development, {2., beijing 100083, china 3. Tarim Oilfield Company, Kuerle, Xinjiang 841000, china Department of Petroleum Geology Xi’an Petroleum Institute Xi’an China Research Institute of Petroleum exploration and Development PetroChina Beijing China Tarim Oilfield Company Kuerle Xinjiang China

Based on the analyses of hydrocarbon inclu-sions, K-Ar dating of authigenic illites and oil/gas-watercontact retrospection as well as other methods, the marineprimary reservoirs in the cratonic region of the Tarim Basinare found to have been formed in the late Caledonian toearly Hercynian, late Hercynian, and Himalayan, and oil andgas adjusted and redistributed in the Yanshanian (Jurassic toCretaceous) and Himalayan (Tertiary). The analyses alsoshow that the remaining primary oil accumulations aremostly formed in the late Hercynian, and the secondary oilreservoirs resulted from the adjustment and redistribution ofthe earlier accumulations during the Yanshanian and Hima-layan (especially late Himalayan), of which the Himalayan isalso the major stage of gas accumulation. The primary oilreservoirs formed in the late Hercynian mostly occur withinthe Paleozoic formation, whereas the secondary reservoirsformed in the Himalayan in the Mesozoic. The late adjust-ment and redistribution of reservoirs in the craton region ofthe Tarim Basin is ubiquitous because of the intensified tec-tonic movements since the Mesozoic, especially Cenozoic andintrusion of the high- to over-mature gas. Furthermore, thelower amplitude of reservoirs in the craton region also makesthem easier to be adjusted and redistributed. Therefore, theremaining paleo-uplift and palaeo-slope developed in rela-tively stable tectonic regions are the main potential areas forthe middle-large marine reservoirs in the Tarim Basin.

关键词： Tarim Basin craton geochronology of hydrocarbon accumulation history of hydrocarbon accumulation marine reservoir primary reservoir secondary reservoir.

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Progress and review of the studies on the end-Triassic mass extinction event

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Science china Earth Sciences 2005年第12期48卷 2049-2060页

作者： DENG Shenghui1,2. LU Yuanzheng1,2.3 & XU Daoyi4 1. Research Institute of Petroleum exploration and Development, beijing 100083,{2. 2. Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir of petrochina, beijing 100083,{2. 3.{2. University of Geosciences, beijing 100083,{2. 4. Institute of Geology,{2. Earthquake Administration, beijing 10002.,{2. Research Institute of Petroleum exploration and Development Beijing China Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir of petrochina Beijing China china University of Geosciences Beijing China Institute of Geology China Earthquake Administration Beijing China

The mass extinction at the end-Triassic is one of the five biggest in the Phanerozoic. However,it is the least well understood among these five events, and only till last decade it became a great academic interesting subject to geologists. The evidences for this event come obviously from bivalves, brachiopods, ammonites, corals, radiolaria, ostracods and foraminifera of marine habitats, and plants and tetrapods of terrestrial realm. By contrast, for some of other groups, such as marine gastropods and marine vertebrates, no mass extinction has been recog-nized yet. The extinction event is strongly marked at specific level but shown a complicated situa-tion at generic and family levels. Dramatic changing of the environment, such as the temperature raise due to the greenhouse effect, the marine anoxic habitats caused by a sudden transgression after the regression at the end of Triassic, has been claimed to be the main cause of the extinction. Many hypotheses have been suggested to demonstrate the mechanisms of the environment changing, among which two popular ones are the bolide impact and volcanic eruption. The Triassic-Jurassic (Tr-J) boundary mass extinction event is still poorly understood because no enough data have been obtained from the Tr-J boundary successional sections of both marine and terrestrial sediments, and most of these studies were regionally restricted. The basic aspects of the event and its associated environmental conditions remain poorly characterized and the causal mechanism or mechanisms are equivocal. Some authors even doubt its occurrence. china has many successionally developed terrestrial and marine Tr-J sections. Detailed studies of these sections may be important and significant for well understanding of the event.

关键词： progress, review, end-Triassic, mass extinction, mechanism, Tr-J boundary.

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Wave tectono-sedimentary processes in Tarim basin

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Science china Earth Sciences 2005年第11期48卷 1949-1959页

作者： JIN Zhijun1,2. ZHANG Yiwei1 & CHEN Shuping1 1. Key Laboratory for Hydrocarbon Accumulation, Ministry of Education, china University of Petroleum, beijing 102.49, china 2. exploration and production Research Institute, china Petroleum & Chemical Corporation, beijing 100083, china Key Laboratory for Hydrocarbon Accumulation Ministry of Education China University of Petroleum Beijing China exploration and production Research Institute China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation Beijing China

Based on the unconformities, the formation times of structures, and geological wave filtering applied to basin fills of typical wells around the Manjiaer area in the Tarim basin, the wave tectono-sedimentary processes in the Tarim Basin are discussed. The results of geological wave filtering of basin fills of typical wells show that, in time domain, the evolution of the Tarim basin was controlled by various wave processes with the periods of 740±Ma, 2.0±Ma, 100±Ma and 30±Ma. The analyses of basin fills, basin subsidence and unconformities show that the trends of the sedimentary facies belts, depocenters, and centers of subsidence migrated and interchanged periodically with periods of 2.0±Ma. These show the propagation of wave movements in space domain. The wave evolution of the Tarim basin is of significance to understanding the formation of the oil and gas reservoirs in the basin.

关键词： Tarim basin, tectonics, sedimentation, crustal undation, wave evolution

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Distribution and fractionation mechanism of stable carbon isotope of coalbed methane

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Science china Earth Sciences 2006年第12期49卷 1252-1258页

作者： QIN Shengfei1, TANG Xiuyi2. SONG Yan1 & WANG Hongyan3 1. Research Institute of Petroleum exploration and Development, petrochina, {2. 100083, china 2. Anhui Science and Technology College, Huainan 2.2.00, china 3. Langfang Branch, Research Institute of Petroleum exploration and Development, petrochina, Langfang 065007, china Research Institute of Petroleum exploration and Development PetroChina Beijing China Anhui Science and Technology College Huainan China Langfang Branch Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChina Langfang China

The stable carbon isotope values of coalbed methane range widely, and also are gener- ally lighter than that of gases in normal coal-formed gas fields with similar coal rank. There exists strong carbon isotope fractionation in coalbed methane and it makes the carbon isotope value lighter. The correlation between the carbon isotope value and Ro in coalbed methane is less obvious. The coaly source rock maturity cannot be judged by coalbed methane carbon isotope value. The carbon isotopes of coalbed methane become lighter in much different degree due to the hydrodynamics. The stronger the hydrodynamics is, the lighter the CBM carbon isotopic value becomes. Many previous investigations indicated that the desorption-diffusion effects make the carbon isotope value of coalbed methane lighter. However, the explanation has encountered many problems. The authors of this arti- cle suggest that the flowing groundwater dissolution to free methane in coal seams and the free methane exchange with absorbed one is the carbon isotope fractionation mechanism in coalbed methane. The flowing groundwater in coal can easily take more 13CH4 away from free gas and com- paratively leave more 12.H4. This will make 12.H4 density in free gas comparatively higher than that in absorbed gas. The remaining 12.H4 in free gas then exchanges with the adsorbed methane in coal matrix. Some absorbed 13CH4 can be replaced and become free gas. Some free 12.H4 can be ab- sorbed again into coal matrix and become absorbed gas. Part of the newly replaced 13CH4 in free gas will also be taken away by water, leaving preferentially more 12.H4. The remaining 12.H4 in free gas will exchange again with adsorbed methane in the coal matrix. These processes occur all the time. Through accumulative effect, the 12.H4 will be greatly concentrated in coal. Thus, the stable carbon isotope of coalbed methane becomes dramatically lighter. Through simulation experiment on wa- ter-dissolved methane, it had been proved that the f

关键词： coalbed methane,methane stable carbon isotope,fractionation mechanism,accumulative effect.

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Natural gas origins of large and medium-scale gas fields in china sedimentary basins

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Science china Earth Sciences 2008年第S1期51卷 1-13页

作者： ZHANG ShuiChang &ZHU GuangYou Research Center of Research Institutes of petrochina exploration and Development,{2. 100083,china Research Center of Research Institutes of petrochina exploration and Development Beijing China

china sedimentary basins present abundant natural gas resource thanks to its unique geological *** highly-matured hydrocarbon source rocks,widespread coal-measure strata and low temperature Quaternary saline strata,etc.,indicate the wide foreground of china natural gas resources. Up to now,most of the petroliferous basins have been discovered to have wholesale natural gas accumulation from Precambrian,Paleozoic,Mesozoic to Cenozoic in the east,the central,the west and the coast of *** large and medium-scale gas reservoirs are mainly composed of hydrocarbon gas with big dry coefficient,tiny non-hydrocarbon,wide carbon isotope distribution and varying origin types,the hydrocarbon gas includes coal-formed gas,oil-formed gas,biogenic gas and inorganic gas, ***-formed gas is the main type of china natural gas resources,in particular several explored large-scale gas fields(>100 billion cubic meter)of Kela 2.Sulige and Daniudi,etc.,they all belong to coal-formed gas fields or the gas fields consisting mostly of coal-formed ***-formed gas is also abundant in china marine basins,for example marine natural gas of Sichuan Basin generated from crude oil cracking *** and secondary biogenic gas fields were discovered respectively in the Qaidam Basin and Western Slope of Songliao *** addition,inorganic gases are mainly distributed in the eastern china,in particular the Songliao Basin with abundant carbon dioxide accumulation,indicating that the eastern china present large exploration potential of inorganic gas.

关键词： natural gas origin sedimentary basin large and medium-scale gas field

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