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Control of atmospheric CO_2.concentrations by 2.50: A calculation on the emission rights of different countries

Science china Earth sciences 2009年第10期52卷 1447-1469页

作者： DING ZhongLi1, DUAN XiaoNan2. GE QuanSheng3 & ZHANG ZhiQiang4 1 institute of Geology and Geophysics,{2., Beijing 10002., china 2.The General Office of{2., Beijing 100864, china 3 institute of Geographic sciences and Natural Resources Research,{2., Beijing 100101, china 4 The Lanzhou Branch of the National Science Library, the Scientific Information Center for Resources and Environment, Lanzhou 730000, china institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 China The General Office of chinese academy of sciences Beijing 100864 China institute of Geographic sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy

This paper is to provide quantitative data on some critical issues in anticipation of the forthcoming international negotiations in Denmark on the control of atmospheric CO2.concentrations. Instead of letting only a small number of countries dominate a few controversial dialogues about emissions reductions, a comprehensive global system must be established based on emissions allowances for different countries, to realize the long-term goal of controlling global atmospheric CO2.concentrations. That a system rooted in "cumulative emissions per capita," the best conception of the "common but differentiated responsibilities" principle affirmed by the Kyoto Protocol according to fundamental standards of fairness and justice, was demonstrated. Based on calculations of various countries' cumulative emissions per capita, estimates of their cumulative emissions from 1900 to 2.05, and their annual emissions allowances into the future (2.06―2.50), a 470 ppmv atmospheric CO2.concentration target was set. According to the following four objective indicators―total emissions allowance from 1900 to 2.50, actual emissions from 1900 to 2.05, emissions levels in 2.05, and the average growth rate of emissions from 1996 to 2.05―all countries and regions whose population was more than 300000 in 2.05 were divided into four main groups: countries with emissions deficits, countries and regions needing to reduce their gross emissions, countries and regions needing to reduce their emissions growth rates, and countries that can maintain the current emissions growth rates. Based on this proposal, most G8 countries by 2.05 had already expended their 2.50 emissions allowances. The accu-mulated financial value based on emissions has reached more than 5.5 trillion US dollars (2. dollars per ton of CO2.. Even if these countries could achieve their ambitious emissions reduction targets in the future, their per capita emissions from 2.06 to 2.50 would still be much higher than those of developing coun

关键词： international negotiations on climate change cumulative emissions per capita emission allowance

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Factors governing formation of todorokite at atmospheric pressure

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Science china Earth sciences 2005年第10期48卷 1678-1689页

作者： CUI Haojie1, FENG Xionghan1, LIU Fan1, TAN Wenfeng1 & HE Jizheng2.1. College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, china 2. Research Center for Eco-environmental sciences,{2., Beijing 100085, china College of Resources and Environment Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan china Research Center for Eco-environmental sciences chinese academy of sciences Beijing{2.

Todorokite commonly occurs in Earth surface environments. The factors governing formation of todorokite, such as reaction temperature, metal ions, dissolved O2.and pH, were investigated in this paper. Results showed that the forming rate of todorokite and its crystallinity decreased with falling reaction temperature, and the effect of temperature was more significant than that of other parameters. Nature of metal ions in the interlayer of buserite precursor and the structure of the buserite precursor obviously affected buserite transformation into todorokite. Weak bonding between the metal ions and MnO6 layer of buserite was favorable to todorokite formation. The rate of todorokite formation was promoted at a lower temperature with appropriate bubbling of O2. The pH in the system slightly influenced the todorokite formation, and todorokite could also be formed in a weak alkali medium or in a slightly acidic medium. Aged buserite pre-cursor more easily form todorokite than the unaged one.

关键词： todorokite, buserite, manganese oxide mineral, atmospheric pressure, transformation.

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Three-dimensional decomposition method of global atmospheric circulation

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Science china Earth sciences 2008年第3期51卷 386-402页

作者： LIU HaiTao1,2.3, HU ShuJuan4, XU Ming5 & CHOU JiFan6,7 1 State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for atmospheric sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics,{2., chinese academy of sciences, Beijing 10002., china 2.Graduate University of chinese academy of sciences, Beijing 100049, china 3 Beijing Climate Center, Beijing 100089, china 4 Department of Mathematics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, china 5 Shanghai Typhoon institute, Shanghai 2.0030, china 6 Department of atmospheric sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, china 7 china Meteorological Administration Training Center, Beijing 100089, china 1. State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for atmospheric sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 China 2. Graduate University of chinese academy of sciences Beijing 100049 China 3. Beijing Climate Center Beijing 100089 China 4. Department of Mathematics Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China 5. Shanghai Typhoon institute Shanghai 200030 China 6. Department of atmospheric sciences Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China 7. china Meteorological Administration Training Center Beijing 100089 China

By adopting the idea of three-dimensional Walker, Hadley and Rossby stream functions, the global atmospheric circulation can be considered as the sum of three stream functions from a global perspective. Therefore, a m... 详细信息

关键词： three-dimensional decomposition of the global atmospheric circulation generalized Walker Hadley and Rossby stream functions existence and uniqueness vertical motion

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Influence of interannual variability of Antarctic oscillation on mei-yu along the Yangtze and Huaihe River valley and its importance to prediction

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chinese Science Bulletin 2003年第S2期48卷 61-67页

作者： GAO Hui~(1,2., XUE Feng~1 WANG Huijun~1 1. institute of atmospheric physics, chinese academy of sciences, Beijing {2., china 2. Department of atmospheric sciences, Nanjing institute of Meteorology, Nanjing 2.0044. china chinese Acad Sci Inst Atmospher Phys Beijing 100029 Peoples R China Nanjing Inst Meteorol Dept Atmospher Sci Nanjing 210044 Peoples R China

Both correlation analysis and case study indi-cate that Antarctic oscillation (AAO) is closely related withsummer rainfall in eastern china. When AAO is stronger inboreal spring, especially in May, there is more mei-yu rain-fall in summer with a longer period along the Yangtze andHuaihe River valley. In contrast, there is less rainfall with ashorter period corresponding to a weaker AAO. Besides, ananomalous AAO changes the position and intensity of severalcirculation systems, which are important to summer rainfallalong the Yangtze and Huaihe River valley. Furthermore, theAntarctic sea ice is negatively correlated with the intensity ofAAO with a 6-month leading time. The result in this studyprovides a new method for the prediction of mei-yu.

关键词： Antarctic oscillation interannual variability mei-yu Antarctic sea ice.

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Temporal variations of δ^(18)O of atmospheric water vapor at Delingha

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Science china Earth sciences 2008年第7期51卷 966-975页

作者： YIN ChangLiang1, YAO TanDong2. TIAN LiDe2. LIU DongNian3, YU WuSheng2.& QU DongMei2.1 State Key Laboratory of Cryoshperic Science, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research institute, chinese academy of sciences, Lanzhou 730000,{2. 2.Laboratory of Environment and Processes, institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, chinese academy of sciences, Beijing 100085,{2. 3 Meteorological Observatory of Haixi Prefecture of Qinghai Province, Delingha 817000,{2. 1. State Key Laboratory of Cryoshperic Science Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 China 2. Laboratory of Environment and Processes Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100085 China 3. Meteorological Observatory of Haixi Prefecture of Qinghai Province Delingha 817000 China

Oxygen stable isotope of atmospheric water vapor is widely used to study the modern process of cli- mate. atmospheric water vapor samples were collected at Dlingha, northeast of Tibetan Plateau during the period from July 2.05 to February 2.06. The variation of δ18O and the relationships between δ18O and both the temperature and specific humidity are analyzed in this paper. Results show that the sea- sonal variation of δ18O of atmospheric water vapor at Delingha is remarkable with higher δ18O in summer and lower δ18O in winter. The temporal variation of vapor δ18O shows obvious fluctuations, with magnitude of over 37‰. The daily variation of the δ18O is highly correlated with air temperature. The relationship between δ18O and atmospheric water vapor content is complex. Study shows that δ18O of atmospheric water vapor is positively correlated with specific humidity in winter in seasonal scale and inversely correlated with specific humidity in summer rainy period. The δ18O values of at- mospheric water vapor are lower than those of precipitation at Delingha, and the average difference is 10.7‰. Variations of δ18O of atmospheric water vapor is also found to be affected by precipitation events, The model results show that the precipitation effect could have caused the vapor δ18O in the raining season to lower by 7% in average in July and August.

关键词： Delingha δ18O atmospheric water vapor

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Two possible mechanisms for vortex self-organization

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Science china Earth sciences 2006年第2期49卷 202-211页

作者： LUO Zhexian2. ZHOU Xiuji1 & GAO Shouting3 1. chinese academy of Meteorological {2., Beijing 100081, china 2. Department of Space Information Science, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 2.0044, china 3. institute of atmospheric physics, chinese academy of sciences, Beijing 10002., china 2. Department of Environmental Science Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology Nanjing 210044 China 1. chinese academy of Meteorological {2. Beijing 100081 China 3. institute of atmospheric physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 China

The vortex self-organization is investigated in this paper by four groups of numerical experiments within the framework of quasi-geostrophic model, and based on the experimental results two types of possible mechanisms for vortex self-organization are suggested. The meso-scale to-pography may enable separated vortices to merge into a larger scale vortex; and the interaction of meso-γ and meso-β scale systems may make separated vortices to self organize a typhoon-like vor-tex circulation.

关键词： vortex, self-organization, meso-scale topography, interaction of different scales.

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The mechanism of the effects of the upwelling mean on the ENSO event mature phase locking

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Science china Earth sciences 2007年第8期50卷 1266-1272页

作者： YAN BangLiang CMSR, institute of atmospheric physics, chinese academy of sciences, Beijing {2., china 1. CMSR Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 China

The mechanism of the effects of the upwelling mean on the ENSO event mature phase locking is ex-amined by using a mixed-mode model. The results show that the positive feedback process of the ef-fects of the seasonal variation of the upwelling mean on the Kelvin wave is the mechanism of the locking of the event mature phase to the end of the calendar year. The memory of the Rossby waves for the sign-shifting of the sea surface temperature anomaly from positive to negative 6 months before the cold peak time is the other mechanism of the locking of the La Nia event mature phase to the end of the calendar year. The results here are different from previous ones which suggest that the balance between cold and warm trends of sea surface temperature anomaly is the mechanism involved. The cold trend is caused by the upwelling Kelvin wave from upwelling Rossby wave reflected at the western boundary, excited by the westerly anomaly stress over the central Pacific and amplified by the seasonal variation of the coupled strength in its way propagating westward. The warm trend is caused by the Kelvin wave forced by the western wind stress over the middle and eastern equatorial Pacific. The cause of the differences is due to the opposite phase of the seasonal variation of the upwelling mean to that in the observation and an improper parameterization scheme for the effects of the seasonal varia-tion of the upwelling mean on the ENSO cycle in previous studies.

关键词： Kelvin wave Rossby wave interaction between atmosphere and sea positive feedback

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The influence of moderate ENSO on summer rainfall in eastern china and its comparison with strong ENSO

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chinese Science Bulletin 2008年第5期53卷 791-800页

作者： XUE Feng1 & LIU ChangZheng1,2.1 institute of atmospheric physics, chinese academy of sciences, Beijing {2., china 2.Graduate University of chinese academy of sciences, Beijing 100049, china chinese Acad Sci Inst Atmospher Phys Beijing 100029 Peoples R China.

The 6 major ENSO events since 1979 are classified into the strong and moderate ENSO based on in-tensity. The composite analysis is performed to reveal the influence of ENSO on East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) and summer rainfall in eastern china. It is shown that the influence is changed with the seasonal cycle in summer, with a weaker influence in June and a stronger influence in August, in-dicating a long lagged effect of ENSO on EASM. Besides, the circulation and rainfall anomalies caused by the strong ENSO are also stronger with an earlier starting time, while the influence of the moderate ENSO is evident in August. The composite summer rainfall in eastern china for the moderate ENSO exhibits a northern rainfall pattern, which is totally different from the classical ENSO-type rainfall pat-tern. Based on the composite analysis, two moderate ENSO years with a similar intensity (i.e., 1995 and 2.03) are compared. The result shows that, the response of EASM to the moderate ENSO during June and July is, to a certain degree, modulated by the circulation systems in mid-high latitudes of Eurasia and in the Southern Hemisphere, thereby inducing a different rainfall distribution in eastern china. In comparison with the strong ENSO in 1983, it is further revealed that, the strong ENSO plays a dominant role in summer rainfall anomalies in eastern china as well as in controlling the influence of the other factors on EASM. The strong ENSO is therefore different with the moderate ENSO.

关键词：中国东部海洋气象学厄尔尼诺现象东亚季风降雨

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Hierarchical structures in climate and atmospheric turbulence

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Progress in Natural Science:Materials International 2002年第10期 29-34页

作者： SHE Zhensu, FU Zuntao, CHEN Jiong, LIANG Shuang and LIU Shida(1. State Key Laboratory for Studies of Turbulence and Complex Systems, Department of Mechanics and Engineering sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, china 2. School of {2., Peking University, Beijing 100871, china 3. lapc, institute of atmospheric physics, chinese academy of sciences, Beijing 10002., china) State Key Laboratory for Studies of Turbulence and Complex Systems，Department of Mechanics and Engineering sciences，Peking University，Beijing 100871，china lapc，institute of {2. physics，chinese academy of sciences，Beijing 10002.，china School of physics，Peking University，Beijing 100871，china State Key Laboratory for Studies of Turbulence and Complex Systems，Department of Mechanics and Engineering sciences，Peking University，Beijing 100871，china School of physics，Peking University，Beijing 100871，china

The climatic time series encompass many time scales, forming multi-scale climatic variations and hierarchies. The periods and magnitudes of cooling or warming, especially for extreme climatic events, vary with the time scales. On the other hand, high-frequency atmospheric turbulent motions, which are certainly related to the climatic changes, are also typical multi-scale phenomena. In this paper, certain properties of the fluctuations are examined that are invariant with the change of the time scales. Specifically, the existence of a statistical similarity law is demonstrated in climatic time series and in atmospheric turbulent motions. This is the hierarchical similarity law. Further analyses show that the hierarchical similarity law is a general property of multi-scale fluctuation systems. Therefore, the study on the hierarchical similarity law is important for understanding the inherent universal physical mechanism of complex systems in the atmospheric motions.

关键词： climate multi-scale hierarchical structure atmospheric turbulence.

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Trend,seasonal and diurnal variations of atmospheric CO_2.in Beijing

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chinese Science Bulletin 2002年第24期47卷 2050-2055页

作者： WANG Yuesi, WANG Changke, GUO Xueqing, LIU Guangren & HUANG Yaolapc, institute of atmospheric physics,{2., Beijing 100083, china Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100037, china lapc Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Department of Chemistry Capital Normal University Beijing China

The concentration of atmospheric CO2.in Beijing increased rapidly at a mean growth rate of 3.7%·a-1 from 1993 to 1995. After displaying a peak of (409.7±2..9) μmol·mol-1 in 1995, it decreased slowly. Both the almost stable anthropogenic CO2.source and increasing biotic CO2.sink contribute to the drop of CO2.concentration from 1995 to 2.00. The seasonal variation of CO2.concentration exhibits a clear cycle with a maximum in winter, averaging (42..8± 2..6)μmol·mol-1, and a minimum in summer, averaging (369.1±6.1)μmol·mol-1. The seasonal variation of CO2.concentration is mainly controlled by phenology. The mean diurnal variation of atmospheric CO2.concentration for a year in Beijing is highly clear: daily maximum CO2.concentration usually occurs at night, but daily minimum CO2.concentration does in the daytime, with a mean diurnal difference more than 34.7μmol·mol-1. It has been revealed that the interannual variations of atmospheric CO2.concentration in winter and autumn regulated the

关键词： atmospheric CO2 annual variation seasonal variation diurnal variation urban environment.

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