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Non-Darcy flow in oil accumulation (oil displacing water) and relative permeability and oil saturation characteristics of low-permeability sandstones

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Petroleum Science 2010年第1期7卷 20-30页

作者： Zeng Jianhui Cheng Shiwei Kong Xu Guo Kai Wang Hongyu State key laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting China University of Petroleum Beijing 102249 China School of Natural Resources and Information Technology China University of Petroleum Beijing 102249 China CNPC Greatwall Drilling Company Beijing 100101 China

Hydrocarbon resources in low-permeability sandstones are very abundant and are extensively distributed. Low-permeability reservoirs show several unique characteristics, including lack of a definite trap boundary or caprock, limited buoyancy effect, complex oil-{2.-water distribution, without obvious oil-{2.-water interfaces, and relatively low oil （{2.） saturation. Based on the simulation experiments of oil accumulation in low-permeability sandstone （oil displacing water）, we study the migration and accumulation characteristics of non-Darcy oil flow, and discuss the values and influencing factors of relative permeability which is a key parameter characterizing oil migration and accumulation in low-permeability sandstone. The results indicate that： 1） oil migration （oil displacing water） in low- permeability sandstone shows non-Darcy percolation characteristics, and there is a threshold pressure gradient during oil migration and accumulation, which has a good negative correlation with permeability and apparent fluidity; 2. With decrease of permeability and apparent fluidity and increase of fluid viscosity, the percolation curve is closer to the pressure gradient axis and the threshold pressure gradient increases. When the apparent fluidity is more than 1.0, the percolation curve shows modified Darcy flow characteristics, while when the apparent fluidity up＂ non-Darcy percolation curve; 3） oil-water is less than 1.0, the percolation curve is a ＂concave- two-phase relative permeability is affected by core permeability, fluid viscosity, apparent fluidity, and injection drive force; 4） The oil saturation of low- permeability sandstone reservoirs is mostly within 35%-60%, and the oil saturation also has a good positive correlation with the permeability and apparent fluidity.

关键词： Non-Darcy flow relative permeability oil saturation low-permeability sandstone

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Identification of high-lipid producers for biodiesel production from forty-three green algal isolates in China

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Progress in Natural Science:Materials International 2011年第4期21卷 269-276页

作者： An-yue LIU~(1,2.,Wei CHEN~1,Ling-ling ZHENG~1,Li-rong SONG~1 1.State key laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology,Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Wuhan 430072.China 2.Graduate School,Chinese Academy of Sciences,{2. 100049,China [a] State key laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology Institute of Hydrobiology Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan 430072 China [b] Graduate School Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China

To identify some desirable algal strains for our future research and/or the production of algae-based biofuel,43 green algal strains were successfully isolated from Chinese freshwaters,and then incubated in the laboratory bioreactors for the growth and oil accumulation *** a 15 d incubation experiment,the accumulations of their biomass and total lipids,together with the lipid productivities for these green algal strains were systematically investigated and *** indicated that the accumulations of biomass for the 43 algal strains ranged from 0.53 g/L to 6.07 g/L during the experiments,with the highest biomass of 6.07 g/L for green algae Scenedesmus *** lipid content for the tested algal strains varied from 2.%to 51%of the dry biomass at the end of cultivation *** algae Chlorella pyrenoidosa was one of the best oil producers based on our investigations,with the total lipid content of 51%of dry *** the growth rates and the accumulations of intracellular lipids into the consideration,10 strains were considered to have significant potential for biofuel *** addition,the lipid productivities of the selected strains were further investigated.

关键词： biofuel microalgae lipid accumulation

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Purposeless repeated acquisition time-lapse seismic data processing

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Petroleum Science 2008年第1期5卷 31-36页

作者： Li Jingye Chen Xiaohong Zhao Wei Zhang Yunpeng key laboratory for Hydrocarbon Accumulation Mechanism Ministry of Education China University of PetroleumBeijing 102249 China Basin ＆ reservoir Research Center China University of Petroleum Beijing 102249 China School of Resource and Information China University of Petroleum Beijing 102249 China Research Center of CNOOC Beijing 100027 China

In China, most oil fields are continental sedimentation with strong heterogeneity, which on one side makes the reservoir prospecting and development more difficult, but on the other side provides more space for searching residual oil in matured fields. Time-lapse seismic reservoir monitoring technique is one of most important techniques to define residual oil distribution. According to the demand for and development of time-lapse seismic reservoir monitoring in China, purposeless repeated acquisition time-lapse seismic data processing was studied. The four key steps in purposeless repeated acquisition time-lapse seismic data processing, including amplitude-preserved processing with relative consistency, rebinning, match filtering and difference calculation, were analyzed by combining theory and real seismic data processing. Meanwhile, quality control during real time-lapse seismic processing was emphasized.

关键词： Time-lapse seismic purposeless repeated acquisition rebinning match filtering amplitude-preserved processing

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Characterization of γ′ precipitates in a nickel base superalloy quenching from aging temperature at different rates

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Rare Metals 2010年第2期29卷 204-208页

作者： LI Hongyu, SONG Xiping, WANG Yanli, and CHEN Guoliang State key Lab for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology beijing,{2., China State key Lab for Advanced Metals and Materials University of Science and Technology Beijing

The characteristics of γ′ precipitates in a superalloy quenched from 1050°C at different rates were investigated using field emission scanning electron microscope（FESEM）.When quenched from 1050°C, the size of primary aging γ′ precipitates has a small increase in the specimens that experienced iced-brine-quenching, oil-quenching, and air-cooling-quenching conditions and a drastic increase in the specimen that experienced a furnace-cooling-quenching *** cooling γ′ precipitates have unimodal distributions after quenching at the air-cooling rate and bimodal distributions after quenching at the furnace-cooling rate, but there are not these distributions in the specimens that experienced iced-brine-quenching and oil-quenching *** aging at 760°C, the size of primary aging γ′ precipitates appears unaffected in the specimens that experienced iced-brine-quenching, oil-quenching, and air-cooling-quenching ***, it has a drastic increase in the specimen that experienced a furnace-cooling-quenching condition, and it is interesting that the bigger cooling γ′ precipitates have a coalescence and octodendritic *** microhardness study indicates that the hardness has no variation in the specimens that experienced iced-brine-quenching, oil-quenching, and air-cooling-quenching conditions and has a drastic decrease in the specimens that experienced a furnace-cooling-quenching condition and obtains the minimum microhardness value 390.8 HV.

关键词： superalloys precipitates quenching rate microhardness

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Depositional characteristics and petroleum geological significance of wetland

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Petroleum Science 2009年第4期6卷 347-353页

作者： Jin Zhenkui Gu Junfeng Su Nina Wang Zhaofeng Huang Xiaoping State key laboratory of Hydrocarbon Resources and Exploration China University of PetroleumBeijing 102249China Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development Xinjiang Oilfield CompanyPetroChinaKaramayXinjiang 834000China

Wetland is a new type of sedimentary facies proposed for the first time in this paper. It is a type of sedimentary environment, transitional between land facies and water (sea or lake) facies. In this paper, wetland is redefined as “a type of sedimentary environments whose ground surface is flat and wet throughout the year, which may be covered with very shallow water (less than 2.m deep), and is covered with lush plant growth”. Wetland is reclassified into two types, swamp wetland (swamp in brief) and wet plain wetland (wet plain in brief). Swamp deposits are coal, while wet plain deposits are dark colored mudstones or silty mudstones rich in plant fossils and carbon debris. The deposits of wet plain are different from those of lake and floodplain in the abundance of plant fossils, color, resistivity well logging curve, and other sedimentary characteristics. In boreholes, resistivity logging can be used to distinguish between wet plain mudstones and lake mudstones. Understanding the sedimentary characteristics of wet plain wetland can help to identify wet plain deposits which were formerly classified as floodplain or lake deposits. This will help to reconstruct the palaeogeography and to understand the history of basin and climate evolution accurately, and is especially important in evaluation of the hydrocarbon generating potential of a basin. With the Jurassic Sangonghe Formation of the Yanqi Basin as an example, the identification characteristics of wetland are described.

关键词： Wetland wet plain Yanqi Basin Sangonghe Formation of Jurassic braided river delta

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The migration fractionation: an important mechanism in the formation of condensate and waxy oil

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2000年第14期45卷 1341-1344页

作者： ZHANG Shuichangkey laboratory for Petroleum Geochemistry, China National Petroleum Corporation,{2., China key laboratory for Petroleum Geochemistry China National Petroleum Corporation Beijing China

Fault-initiated pressure release within reservoirs and the injection of external excessive dry gas may result in occurrence of {2. and gas phases. Because of different partitioning coefficients of compounds in two phase flow, lower-molecular-weight components are easier to dissolve in gas phase, yielding condensates, while higher-molecular-weight components are retained in the {2. phase, yielding waxy {2. cumulations. The fractionation process causes extensive compositional variability in aliphatic/aromatic hydrocarbon ratios, molecular compound distributions and carbon isotope ratios that are traditionally considered to be related to the source organic matter or the thermal maturity.

关键词： migration fractionation condensate waxy oil Lunnan oil zone.

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Formation mechanism and model for sand lens reservoirs in the Jiyang Sub-basin,East China

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Science China Earth Sciences 2004年第Z2期47卷 167-176页

作者： LI Pilong 1, PANG Xiongqi2.3, CHEN Dongxia2.3, ZHANG Shanwen1, JIN Zhijun4 & JIANG Zhenxue2.3 1. Shengli oil Field Ltd, SINOPEC, Dongying 2.7051, China 2. University of Petroleum, beijing 102.49, China 3. {2. laboratory of oil and gas Accumulation, Ministry of Education, beijing 102.49, China 4. Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Exploitation, SINOPEC, beijing 100083, China Shengli oil Field Ltd SINOPEC Dongying 257051 China University of Petroleum Beijing 102249 China key laboratory of {2. and gas Accumulation Ministry of Education Beijing 102249 China Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Exploitation SINOPEC Beijing 100083 China

The Bohai Bay basin comprises some very important and well documented subtle traps known in China, which have been the major exploration focus and have become a major petroleum play since the 1990s. However, recent exploration showed that the oil-bearing proper-ties of some sand lens reservoirs may vary significantly and the accumulation mechanisms for these lithological subtle traps are not well understood. Based on statistical analysis of oil-bearing properties for 12. sand lens reservoirs in the Jiyang Sub-basin and combined with detailed anatomy of typical sand lens reservoirs and NMR experiments, it has been shown that the structural and sedimentary factors, hydrocarbon generation and expulsion conditions of the sur-rounding source rocks, as well as the petrophysical properties of sand lens reservoirs are the main controlling factors for the formation of sand lens reservoirs. The formation of a sand lens reservoir depends on the interaction between the hydrocarbon accumulation driving force and the resistance force. The driving force is made up of the differential capillary pressure between sandstones and sources rocks and the hydrocarbon diffusion force, and as well as the hydro-carbon expansion force. The resistance force is the friction resistance force for hydrocarbons and water to move through the pore throats of the sand lens. The sedimentary environment, source rock condition and sand reservoir properties can change from unfavorable to favorable depend-ing on the combination of these factors. When these three factors all reach certain thresholds, the sand lens reservoirs may begin to be filled by hydrocarbons. When all of these conditions be-come favorable for the formation of sand lens reservoirs, the reservoir would have high oil satu-ration. This approach has been applied to evaluating the potential of petroleum accumulation in the sand lens reservoirs in the third member of the Neogene Shahejie Formation in the Jiyang Sub-basin.

关键词： sand lens reservoir, accumulation controlling factors, accumulation mechanism, accumulation model, Jiyang Sub-basin.

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Geochemical characterization of aromatic hydrocarbons in crude oils from the Tarim,Qaidam and Turpan Basins,NW China

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Petroleum Science 2010年第4期7卷 448-457页

作者： Zhang Min Paul Philp Department of Geochemistry Yangtze University Jingzhou Hubei 434023 China The key laboratory of {2. ＆ gas Resources and Exploration Technology Ministry of Education Yangtze University Jingzhou Hubei 434023 China School of Geology and Geophysics University of Oklahoma Norman OK 73019 USA

Based on the systematic study of aromatic hydrocarbons in over 100 crude oil samples collected from the Tabei and Tazhong uplifts in the Tarim Basin,the western depression area in the Qaidam Basin and the Tabei depression in the Turpan Basin,the geochemical characteristics of the marine（Tarim Basin）,saline lacustrine（Qaidam Basin）,and swamp（Turpan Basin） oils were *** marine oils from the Tarim basin are characterized by relatively low abundance of diaromatic hydrocarbons such as biphenyl and naphthalene,and relatively high abundance of triaromatic hydrocarbons including phenanthrene,dibenzothiophene and *** contrast,the swamp oils from the Turpan Basin are dominated by the highest relative abundance of diaromatic hydrocarbons and the lowest relative abundance of triaromatic hydrocarbons in all the oil samples in this *** relative abundance of diaromatic and triaromatic hydrocarbons in the saline lacustrine oils from Qaidam Basin is between that in Tarim oils and Turpan *** parameters based on the isomer distributions of dimethylnaphthalenes（DMN）,trimethylnaphthalenes（TMN）,tetramethylnaphthalenes（TeMN） and methylphenanthrenes（MP）,i.e.,1,2.5-trimethylnaphthalene（TMN）/1,3,6-TMN ratio,1,2.7-TMN/1,3,7TMN ratio,（2.6-＋2.7-）-dimethylnaphthalenes（DMN）/1,6-DMN ratio,1,3,7-TMN/（1,2.5-＋1,3,7-）TMN,1,3,6,7-TeMN/（1,3,6,7-＋1,2.5,6-＋1,2.3,5-）-TeMN ratio and MP index,may reflect the diversity of organic source input,thermal maturity and depositional *** addition,the dibenzothiophenes（DBTs）/fluorenes（Fs） and dibenzofurans（DBFs）/Fs ratios were found to the very useful and effective in determining genetic types of crude oils for the marine,saline lacustrine,and swamp depositional environments,and for oil-oil correlations.

关键词： China Tarim Basin Qaidam Basin Turpan Basin marine oil saline lacustrine oil coal-derived oil depositional environment aromatic hydrocarbons

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Hydrate film growth at the interface between gaseous CO_2.and sodium chloride solution

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Science China Chemistry 2009年第5期52卷 676-682页

作者： PENG BaoZi, SUN ChangYu, CHEN GuangJin, YANG LanYing, ZHOU Wei & PANG WeiXin State key laboratory of Heavy {2. Processing, China University of Petroleum, beijing 102.49, China State key laboratory of Heavy {2. Processing China University of Petroleum Beijing 102249 China

Greenhouse gas CO2.has become a serious problem for human beings. The hydrate technology has been considered as a possible approach to sequester CO2. In this work, the lateral growth rates of a CO2.hydrate film in aqueous NaCl solutions of different concentrations were measured by means of suspending a single gas bubble in liquid. The results show that the film growth rates depended on not only the driving force, but also the NaCl concentration, and the film growth rates decreased with the increasing NaCl concentration. The simple relationship vf ∝ΔT5/2.could be used to correlate the hydrate film growth rate of a CO2.+ NaCl + water system by introducing a NaCl concentration-dependent coefficient. The film thickness was investigated experimentally and evaluated theoretically; the results show that it became thicker at a higher NaCl concentration when the temperature and pressure were specified. In addition, a series of interesting phenomena, such as the occurrence of double hydrate films, were displayed and discussed.

关键词： hydrate interfaces hydrate film growth carbon dioxide sodium chloride

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Features of the fault system and its relationship with migration and accumulation of hydrocarbon in Liaodong Bay

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Petroleum Science 2011年第3期8卷 251-263页

作者： Xu Guosheng Ma Ruolong Gong Deyu Zhou Donghong Li Jianping Guo Yonghua Yuan Haifeng Wu Changrong State key laboratory of {2. and gas reservoir Geology and Exploitation Chengdu University of Technology Chengdu Sichuan 610059 China Exploration and Development Research Institute Tianjin Branch of CNOOC （China） Co. Ltd. Tanggu Tianjin 300452 China

The fault system of Liaodong Bay developed extensively under the control of the Tanlu Fault. The fault system can be grouped into strike-slip faults of grade Ⅰ, trunk faults of grade Ⅱand branch faults （induced faults） of grade Ⅲ respectively based on its developmental scale. The faults of grade Ⅰ and Ⅱwere deep, early and large while the faults of grade Ⅲwere shallow, late and small. The formation, evolution and distribution features played a significant role in controlling the migration of oil and gas in both horizontal and vertical directions. The fluid transfer in the fault system occurred in the process of faulting. The strike-slip and trunk faults moved actively forming predominant pathways for oil and gas migration. The branch faults, with weak activity, generally controlled the development of traps and were beneficial for the accumulation and preservation of oil and gas. The faults of grade Ⅰ and Ⅱ formed the major migration pathways for oil and gas, but their fault activity rates appeared to vary along their strikes. The zones with a relatively low fault activity rate might be favorable for oil and gas accumulation. When the activities of strike-slip, trunk, and branch faults came to a halt, the fault seal behavior had a vitally important effect on the accumulation of oil and gas. The controlling role of the fault over fluid distribution was further analyzed by calculating the fault activity quantitatively.

关键词： Liaodong Bay fault system fault activity rate fault seal behavior migration andaccumulation of oil and gas

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