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Progress and review of the studies on the end-Triassic mass extinction event

Science China Earth Sciences 2005年第12期48卷 2049-2060页

作者： DENG Shenghui1,2. LU Yuanzheng1,2.3 & XU Daoyi4 1. Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, beijing 100083, China 2. key laboratory of oil and gas reservoir of petrochina, beijing 100083, China 3. China University of Geosciences, beijing 100083, China 4. Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, beijing 10002., China 1. Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development 100083 Beijing China 2. key laboratory of oil and gas reservoir of petrochina 100083 Beijing China 3. China University of Geosciences 100083 Beijing China 4. Institute of Geology China Earthquake Administration 100029 Beijing China

The mass extinction at the end-Triassic is one of the five biggest in the Phanerozoic. However,it is the least well understood among these five events, and only till last decade it became a great academic interesting subject to geologists. The evidences for this event come obviously from bivalves, brachiopods, ammonites, corals, radiolaria, ostracods and foraminifera of marine habitats, and plants and tetrapods of terrestrial realm. By contrast, for some of other groups, such as marine gastropods and marine vertebrates, no mass extinction has been recog-nized yet. The extinction event is strongly marked at specific level but shown a complicated situa-tion at generic and family levels. Dramatic changing of the environment, such as the temperature raise due to the greenhouse effect, the marine anoxic habitats caused by a sudden transgression after the regression at the end of Triassic, has been claimed to be the main cause of the extinction. Many hypotheses have been suggested to demonstrate the mechanisms of the environment changing, among which two popular ones are the bolide impact and volcanic eruption. The Triassic-Jurassic (Tr-J) boundary mass extinction event is still poorly understood because no enough data have been obtained from the Tr-J boundary successional sections of both marine and terrestrial sediments, and most of these studies were regionally restricted. The basic aspects of the event and its associated environmental conditions remain poorly characterized and the causal mechanism or mechanisms are equivocal. Some authors even doubt its occurrence. China has many successionally developed terrestrial and marine Tr-J sections. Detailed studies of these sections may be important and significant for well understanding of the event.

关键词： progress, review, end-Triassic, mass extinction, mechanism, Tr-J boundary.

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Abnormal high pressure in Kuqa foreland thrust belt of Tarim basin: Origin and impacts on hydrocarbon accumulation

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Progress in Natural Science:Materials International 2006年第12期16卷 1307-1314页

作者： ZENG Lianbo~1** and LIU Benming~ 1,2.(1. key laboratory of Hydrocarbon Accumulation in China Petroleum University, Ministry of Education, {2. 102.49, China 2. The Institute of oil and gas Exploration and Development, Tarim oilfield Company, {2. Company Limited, Korla 841000, China) [a]Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Hydrocarbon Accumulation in China Petroleum University Beijing China [b]The Institute of oil and gas Exploration and Development Tarim Oilfield Company PetroChina Company Limited Korla China

Following analyses of the abnormal high pressure distribution characteristics, based on the geological characteristics, tectonic stress field and physical simulation, we investigated the formation mechanisms of abnormal high pressure and its impacts on hydrocarbon accumulation in the Kuqa foreland thrust belt. The abnormal high pressure appears at the bottom of the Paleogene and obviously exists in the Triassic and Jurassic. However, the pressure coefficient in the Triassic and Jurassic is lower than that in the Cretaceous and at the bottom of the Paleogene. Horizontally, the abnormal high pressure distribution is characterized by E-W orientation zoning. The maximum pressure coefficient lies in the Kelasu-Dongqiu-Dina tectonic zones in the center of the Kuqa foreland thrust belt and decreases away from the tectonic zones. The formation of abnormal high pressure was mainly related with the intense tectonic compression in the Early Pleistocene time, and tectonic uplifting, undercompaction and hydrocarbon generation were secondary factors contributing to abnormal high pressure. Under the rapid and intense tectonic compression in the Early Pleistocene, the rock framework firstly undertook 1/4 of the compression stress and the other was borne by the pore fluids. Due to the presence of great seal of gypsum-salt or gypsum-mudstone beds in the Paleogene, the pressure of pore fluids increased rapidly and led to the abnormal high pressure in the Kuqa foreland thrust belt. The abnormal high pressure has important impacts on hydrocarbon accumulation. It is one of the necessary conditions for formation of large oil and gas fields in the Kuqa foreland thrust belt.

关键词： abnormal high pressure formation mechanism oil and gas {2. Kuqa foreland thrust belt Tarim basin.

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Application of backflush and micro-flow techniques to the analysis of C5—C13 hydrocarbons in crude oils and its geochemical significance

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Progress in Natural Science:Materials International 2007年第11期17卷 1382-1387页

作者： Wang Peirong1,2. Zhao Hong2.3, Xu Guanjun1,4, Zhu Cuishan2.3, Xiao Tingrong4, Zhang Min2.3 and Zhang Bin1,4(1. key laboratory of Petroleum Geochemistry, China National Petroleum Corporation,{2., China 2. Geochemistry Department of Yangtze University, Jingzhou 43402., China 3. key laboratory of Exploration Technologies for oil and gas Resources, Ministry of Education, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 43402., China 4. Petroleum Geology Central laboratory, Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, petrochina,{2., China) key laboratory of Petroleum Geochemistry China National Petroleum Corporation Beijing 100083 China Geochemistry Department of Yangtze University Jingzhou 434023 China key laboratory of Exploration Technologies for {2. and gas Resources Ministry of Education Yangtze University Jingzhou 434023 China Petroleum Geology Central laboratory Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChina Beijing 100083 China

An Agilent 6890N GC equipped with both FID and Agilent 5975 MSD analyzer has been employed to analyze C5—C13 hydrocarbon fractions of crude oils. A technical combination of program temperature volatilizer injection, backflush and micro-flow controller afforded a fine separation of C5—C13 compounds on a PONA column with the heavy part of crude oils being cut off before entering the analytical column. Both GC-FID chromatogram and GC-MS mass chromatograms (MID and full scan) could be obtained at the same time. The retension time differences of nC6—nC13 alkanes between GC and TIC were in the range of 0.02.0.58 minutes. Totally 2.6 peaks have been assigned group compositions. Results on 8 typical oil samples from CNPC key laboratory Crude oil Library showed that the characteristics of C6—C13 hydrocarbon group composition could be used in oil-oil correlation studies.

关键词： GC analysis GC/MS analysis backflush micro-flow controller light fraction in crude oil

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Wave tectono-sedimentary processes in Tarim basin

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Science China Earth Sciences 2005年第11期48卷 1949-1959页

作者： JIN Zhijun1,2. ZHANG Yiwei1 & CHEN Shuping1 1. key laboratory for Hydrocarbon Accumulation, Ministry of Education, China University of Petroleum, {2. 102.49, China 2. Exploration and Production Research Institute, China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation,{2., China 1. key laboratory for Hydrocarbon Accumulation Ministry of Education China University of Petroleum 102249 Beijing China 2. Exploration and Production Research Institute China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation 100083 Beijing China

Based on the unconformities, the formation times of structures, and geological wave filtering applied to basin fills of typical wells around the Manjiaer area in the Tarim basin, the wave tectono-sedimentary processes in the Tarim Basin are discussed. The results of geological wave filtering of basin fills of typical wells show that, in time domain, the evolution of the Tarim basin was controlled by various wave processes with the periods of 740±Ma, 2.0±Ma, 100±Ma and 30±Ma. The analyses of basin fills, basin subsidence and unconformities show that the trends of the sedimentary facies belts, depocenters, and centers of subsidence migrated and interchanged periodically with periods of 2.0±Ma. These show the propagation of wave movements in space domain. The wave evolution of the Tarim basin is of significance to understanding the formation of the oil and gas {2.s in the basin.

关键词： Tarim basin, tectonics, sedimentation, crustal undation, wave evolution

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Late Yanshan-Himalayan hydrocarbon reservoir adjustment and hydrothermal fluid activity in the central Tarim Basin

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Science Bulletin 2007年第S1期 244-252页

作者： ZHANG XingYang1,2. ZHANG ShuiChang1, LUO Ping1,2. ZHU RuKai1,2. LUO Zhong1,2.& TU JianQi1 1 Central laboratory of Petroleum Geology Research, Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, petrochina,{2., China 2.key laboratory for oil and gas reservoir, petrochina,{2., China

The adjustment of primary hydrocarbon reservoirs in marine formations is an important feature of the oil pools in the Tarim Basin. Large-scale hydrocarbon adjustment is related to the strong regional tectonic movements, which is always accompanied by extensive migration of basin fluids including diagenetic and mineralizing fluids. Organic fluid inclusions are well developed in hydrothermal minerals, such as fluorite, which have been found in the dissolution-enlarged fractures or karstification caves in the Ordovician in the central Tarim Basin. Proved by well drilling, the fluorite deposit is good reservoir for oil and gas. So the peculiar accompanied or superimposed relationship between fluorite hydrothermal fluid mineralization and hydrocarbon migration and accumulation exists in the Ordovician in the central Tarim Basin. Considering regional tectonic setting and mineralization condition, through different kinds of analytic methods including electron spin resonance dating, fluid inclusion laser Raman and colonial inclusions hydrocarbon fossil analysis, we proposed that extensive mineralizing fluids and hydrocarbon migration occurred in late Yanshan-Himalayan (110.4―30.8 Ma) period, and Himalayan, especially, is an important period for hydrocarbon accumulation from 34.3 Ma to present.

关键词： hydrocarbon adjustment hydrothermal fluid activity basin fluids Himalayan period Tarim Basin

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Classification and origin of natural gases from Lishui Sag,the East China Sea Basin

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Science China Earth Sciences 2008年第S1期51卷 122-130页

作者： CHEN JianPing 1,2.,GE HePing 3 ,CHEN XiaoDong 3 ,DENG ChunPing 1,2.&LIANG DiGang 1,2.1 Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration&Development,petrochina,beijing {2.,China 2.key Lab of Petroleum Geochemistry,CNPC,beijing {2.,China 3 Shanghai Division,CNOOC,Shanghai 2.0030,China 1. Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development PetroChina Beijing 100083 China2. Key Lab of Petroleum Geochemistry CNPC Beijing 100083 China3. Shanghai Division CNOOC Shanghai 200030 China

Natural gases discovered up to now in Lishui Sag,the East China Sea Basin,differ greatly in gaseous compositions,of which hydrocarbon gases amount to 2.―94%while non-hydrocarbon gases are dominated by *** hydrocarbon gases,without exception,contain less than 90%of methane and over 10%of C2.+ heavier hydrocarbons,indicating a wet *** isotopic analyses on these hydrocarbon gases showed thatδ13C 1 ,δ13C 2.andδ13C 3 are basically lighter than-44‰,-2.‰and-2.‰, *** difference in carbon isotopic values between methane and ethane is great,suggesting a biogenic oil-type gas produced by the mixed organic matter at peak generation.δ13C CO2.values of nonhydrocarbon gases are all heavier than-10‰,indicating a typical abiogenic *** simulation experiment on hydrocarbon generation of organic matter in a closed gold-tube system showed that the proportion of methane in natural gases produced by terrigenous organic matter in the Lingfeng Formation marine deposit is obviously higher than that in natural gases derived from the aquatic and terrigenous mixed organic matter in the Yueguifeng Formation lacustrine deposit,consequently the proportion of heavier hydrocarbons of the former is remarkably lower than that of the ***, δ13C 1 values of natural gases produced by terrigenous organic matter in the Lingfeng Formation marine deposit are about 5‰heavier than those of natural gases derived from the aquatic and terrigenous mixed organic matter in the Yueguifeng Formation lacustrine deposit whileδ13C 2.andδ13C 3 values of the former are over 9‰heavier than those of the *** the LS36-1 oil-gas pool is the only commercial oil-gas reservoir in Lishui Sag,where carbon isotopic compositions of various hydrocarbon components differ greatly from those of natural gases produced by the Lingfeng Formation organic matter but are very similar to those of natural gases derived from the Yueguifeng Formation organic matter,therefore,natural gases in the

关键词： Lishui Sag natural gas biogenesis abiogenesis lacustrine source rock marine source rock coal-measures source rock

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Characteristics and evolution of strike-slip tectonics of the Liaohe Western Sag,Bohai Bay Basin

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Petroleum Science 2008年第3期5卷 223-229页

作者： Tong Hengmao Yu Fusheng Geng Changbo key State laboratory of {2. and gas Resources and Exploration. China University of Petroleum Beijing 102249 China CNPC International Research Center. beijing 100083. China

Because of its rich oil and gas resources and the special tectonic location of the Liaohe Western Sag （the Tanlu Fault traverses the sag）, Bohai Bay Basin, a detailed study of its strike-slip tectonics is significant in revealing the sag＇s tectonic evolution, its control on hydrocarbon accumulation, and the activity history of the northern section of the Tanlu Fault in the Cenozoic. Through systematic structure analysis of 3D seismic data of the Liaohe Western Sag, combined with balanced section analysis, a variety of structural features in relation to right-lateral strike-slip faults, such as echelon normal faults, ＂comb＂ structure, ＂flower＂ structure,＂interpretable＂ and ＂buried＂ strike-slip faults have been revealed exist in the Liaohe Western Sag. According to the research in this paper, the complex structural phenomena in the Liaohe Western Sag could be reasonably interpreted as right-lateral strike-slip activity and the strike-slip activities of the Liaohe Western Sag began in the early Oligocene. The activity was weak at the beginning （E3s1-2., then strengthened gradually and reached its strongest level in the late Oligocene （E3d1）. In the Miocene, the strike-slip activity was low and then strengthened significantly once again from the Pliocene to the present. It is speculated that the entire northern section of the Tanlu Fault has had a similar evolution history since the Oligocene.

关键词： Bohai Bay Basin Western Sag Tanlu Fault strike-slip tectonics tectonic evolution

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Identification of marine natural gases with different origin sources

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Science China Earth Sciences 2008年第S1期51卷 148-164页

作者： WANG YunPeng 1 ,ZHAO ChangYi 2.,WANG ZhaoYun 2.,WANG HongJun 2.,TIAN Jin 1 ,ZOU YanRong 1 &LIU JinZhong1 1State key laboratory of Organic Geochemistry,Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Guangzhou 510640,China 2.nstitute of Geology,Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development,{2.,{2. 100083,China State key laboratory of Organic Geochemistry Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510640 China Institute of Geology Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChina Beijing 100083

Kinetic experiments of gas generation for typical samples of marine gas precursors including low-maturity kerogen,residual kerogen and {2. as well as dispersed liquid hydrocarbon(DLH)in source rocks were performed by closed system,and the evolution trends of molecular and isotopic compositions of natural gases from different precursors against the maturity(R0%)at laboratory conditions were *** diagrams of gas origin were calibrated by using the experimental data.A diagram based on the ratio of normal and isomerous butane and pentane(i/nC4-i/nC5)was proposed and used to identify the origins of the typical marine natural gases in the Sichuan Basin and the Tarim Basin, *** the maturities of natural gases were estimated by using the statistical relationships between the gaseous molecular carbon isotopic data and maturities(δ13C-R 0 %)with different *** results indicate that the molecular and isotopic compositions of simulated gases from different precursors are different from each *** example,the dryness index of the {2.-cracking gas is the lowest;the dryness indices of gases from DLH and kerogen in closed system are almost the same;and the dryness index of gases from residual kerogen is extremely high,indicating that the kerogen gases are very dry;the contents of non-hydrocarbon gases in kerogen-cracking gases are far higher than those in {2.-cracking and DLH-cracking *** molecular carbon isotopes of {2.-cracking gases are the lightest,those of kerogen in closed system and GLH-cracking gases are the second lightest,and those of cracking gases from residual kerogen are the *** calibration results indicate that the diagrams of ln(C1/C2.-ln(C2.C3)andδ13C2.δ13C3-ln(C2.C3)can discriminate primary and secondary cracking gases,but cannot be used to identify gas origin sources,while the diagram of i/nC4-i/nC5 can differentiate the gases from different *** application results of these diagrams show that gas mixtures ext

关键词： marine organic matter gas origin sources kerogen oil-cracking gas origin identification carbon isotope

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塔里木盆地库车坳陷储层裂缝分布规律

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天然气工业 2004年第9期24卷 23-25,i023页

作者：曾联波周天伟石油大学石油天然气成藏机理教育部重点实验室石油大学资源与信息学院

根据岩心、测井和露头区资料 ,对塔里木盆地库车坳陷储层裂缝的分布特征进行了综合分析 ,并利用数值模拟方法 ,对白垩系储层裂缝的发育规律进行了预测。该区主要发育有北西向、北东向和近南北向中高角度构造裂缝。纵向上 ,以三叠系、下... 详细信息

根据岩心、测井和露头区资料 ,对塔里木盆地库车坳陷储层裂缝的分布特征进行了综合分析 ,并利用数值模拟方法 ,对白垩系储层裂缝的发育规律进行了预测。该区主要发育有北西向、北东向和近南北向中高角度构造裂缝。纵向上 ,以三叠系、下侏罗统阿合组、下白垩统巴什基其克组和古近系库姆格列木群裂缝发育 ,裂缝的发育程度受岩性和层厚控制。在平面上 ,下白垩统裂缝发育区主要分布在克拉苏—依奇克里克构造带 ,古近系裂缝发育区主要分布在克拉苏—大北一带 ,在依南构造带 ,三叠系、中下侏罗统和新近系吉迪克组裂缝也比较发育。

关键词：下侏罗统构造带下白垩统塔里木盆地库车坳陷储层裂缝古近系裂缝发育三叠系岩心

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Episodic fluid movements in superimposed basin:Combined evidence from outcrop and fluid inclusions of the Majiang ancient oil reservoir,Guizhou Province

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Science China Earth Sciences 2008年第S2期51卷 78-87页

作者： XIANG CaiFu1,2.TANG LiangJie1,2.LI RuFeng1,2.& PANG XiongQi1,2.1 Basin and reservoir Research Center,China University of Petroleum,beijing 102.49,China 2.State {2. {2. of Petroleum Resource and Prospecting,China University of Petroleum,beijing 102.49,China 1. Basin and reservoir Research Center China University of Petroleum Beijing 102249 China 2. State key laboratory of Petroleum Resource and Prospecting China University of Petroleum Beijing 102249 China

Combined evidence from the outcrop and the fluid inclusion assemblage (FIA) analysis indicates that there exist two episodes of fluid flow controlled by the tectonic activity. The first episode was recorded mainly in the reservoir rock of the Honghuayuan Formation,representing the fluid flow of hydrocarbon charging. The second episode occurred mainly along the fault systems,representing the fluid move-ment when the ancient oil reservoir was destroyed. The host mineral morphology,homogeneous tem-perature,and salinity of the FIAs record an episodic fluid movement. Characters of high homogenous temperature,low salinity and a quick temperature variation of the first episode fluid flow may indicate an early-stage fluid eruption,and correspondingly,fine-grained calcite was formed. Temperature of the erupted fluid tended to decrease during its mixing with the upper formation fluid and finally had the same temperature as the upper formation. From then on,the temperature was rather steady and fa-vored the growth of the coarse calcite. Due to this character of the temperature variation of the episodic fluid flow,we can use the homogenous temperature of the FIA of the coarse calcite to date the forma-tion and the destruction time of the Majiang ancient oil reservoir. Episodic fluid flow was known for its inhomogeneous trapping,which resulted in the failure of dating according to the burial history. But taking a close look at its temperature variation,we think that the latest stage of fluid flow,characterized by steady state temperature and grow of the coarser crystals,can be used for dating. It will be of great value if this method is proved to be effective. The formation and the destruction time of the Majiang ancient oil reservoir were dated to be in the Indosinian Period and the late Yanshan-early Hymalayan Period respectively. This conclusion is in great discrepancy with the common accepted idea that the Majiang ancient oil reservoir was formed and destroyed during the Cal

关键词： Majiang ancient oil reservoir episodic fluid flow marine carbonate rocks superimposed basin

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