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Progress and review of the studies on the end-Triassic mass extinction event

Science china Earth Sciences 2005年第12期48卷 2049-2060页

作者： DENG Shenghui1,2. LU Yuanzheng1,2.3.& XU Daoyi4 1. Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, Beijing 100083. {3. {2., Beijing 100083. {3. 3. {3. University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083. {3. 4. Institute of Geology, {3. Earthquake Administration, Beijing 10002., {3. Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development Beijing China key laboratory of {2. and {3. reservoir of petrochina Beijing China china University of Geosciences Beijing China Institute of Geology China Earthquake Administration Beijing China

The mass extinction at the end-Triassic is one of the five biggest in the Phanerozoic. However,it is the least well understood among these five events, and only till last decade it became a great academic interesting subject to geologists. The evidences for this event come obviously from bivalves, brachiopods, ammonites, corals, radiolaria, ostracods and foraminifera of marine habitats, and plants and tetrapods of terrestrial realm. By contrast, for some of other groups, such as marine gastropods and marine vertebrates, no mass extinction has been recog-nized yet. The extinction event is strongly marked at specific level but shown a complicated situa-tion at generic and family levels. Dramatic changing of the environment, such as the temperature raise due to the greenhouse effect, the marine anoxic habitats caused by a sudden transgression after the regression at the end of Triassic, has been claimed to be the main cause of the extinction. Many hypotheses have been suggested to demonstrate the mechanisms of the environment changing, among which two popular ones are the bolide impact and volcanic eruption. The Triassic-Jurassic (Tr-J) boundary mass extinction event is still poorly understood because no enough data have been obtained from the Tr-J boundary successional sections of both marine and terrestrial sediments, and most of these studies were regionally restricted. The basic aspects of the event and its associated environmental conditions remain poorly characterized and the causal mechanism or mechanisms are equivocal. Some authors even doubt its occurrence. china has many successionally developed terrestrial and marine Tr-J sections. Detailed studies of these sections may be important and significant for well understanding of the event.

关键词： progress, review, end-Triassic, mass extinction, mechanism, Tr-J boundary.

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Application of backflush and micro-flow techniques to the analysis of C5—C13.hydrocarbons in crude oils and its geochemical significance

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Progress in Natural Science:Materials International 2007年第11期17卷 1382-1387页

作者： Wang Peirong1,2. Zhao Hong2.3. Xu Guanjun1,4, Zhu Cuishan2.3. Xiao Tingrong4, Zhang Min2.3.and Zhang Bin1,4(1. key laboratory of Petroleum Geochemistry, {2. National Petroleum Corporation, Beijing 100083. {2. 2. Geochemistry Department of Yangtze University, Jingzhou 43.02., {2. 3. key laboratory of Exploration Technologies for oil and gas Resources, Ministry of Education, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 43.02., {2. 4. Petroleum Geology Central laboratory, Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, {12., Beijing 100083. {2.) key laboratory of Petroleum Geochemistry China National Petroleum Corporation Beijing 100083 China Geochemistry Department Yangtze University Jingzhou 434023 China key laboratory of Exploration Technologies for {2. and {3. Resources Yangtze University Jingzhou 434023 China Petroleum Geology Central laboratory Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChina Beijing 100083 China

An Agilent 6890N GC equipped with both FID and Agilent 5975 MSD analyzer has been employed to analyze C5—C13.hydrocarbon fractions of crude oils. A technical combination of program temperature volatilizer injection, backflush and micro-flow controller afforded a fine separation of C5—C13.compounds on a PONA column with the heavy part of crude oils being cut off before entering the analytical column. Both GC-FID chromatogram and GC-MS mass chromatograms (MID and full scan) could be obtained at the same time. The retension time differences of nC6—nC13.alkanes between GC and TIC were in the range of 0.02.0.58 minutes. Totally 2.6 peaks have been assigned group compositions. Results on 8 typical oil samples from CNPC key laboratory Crude oil Library showed that the characteristics of C6—C13.hydrocarbon group composition could be used in oil-oil correlation studies.

关键词： GC analysis GC/MS analysis backflush micro-flow controller light fraction in crude oil

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Timing and history of marine hydrocarbon accumulation in Tarim craton

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2002年第S1期47卷 120-127页

作者： ZHAO Jingzhou~(1,2. & LI Qiming~3.1. Department of Petroleum Geology, Xi’an Petroleum Institute, Xi’an 710065, china 2. Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, {3., Beijing {2. china 3. Tarim oilfield Company, Kuerle, Xinjiang 841000, china Department of Petroleum Geology Xi’an Petroleum Institute Xi’an China Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChina Beijing China Tarim oilfield Company Kuerle Xinjiang China

Based on the analyses of hydrocarbon inclu-sions, K-Ar dating of authigenic illites and oil/gas-watercontact retrospection as well as other methods, the marineprimary {2.s in the cratonic region of the Tarim Basinare found to have been formed in the late Caledonian toearly Hercynian, late Hercynian, and Himalayan, and oil andgas adjusted and redistributed in the Yanshanian (Jurassic toCretaceous) and Himalayan (Tertiary). The analyses alsoshow that the remaining primary oil accumulations aremostly formed in the late Hercynian, and the secondary oil{2.s resulted from the adjustment and redistribution ofthe earlier accumulations during the Yanshanian and Hima-layan (especially late Himalayan), of which the Himalayan isalso the major stage of gas accumulation. The primary oil{2.s formed in the late Hercynian mostly occur withinthe Paleozoic formation, whereas the secondary {2.sformed in the Himalayan in the Mesozoic. The late adjust-ment and redistribution of {2.s in the craton region ofthe Tarim Basin is ubiquitous because of the intensified tec-tonic movements since the Mesozoic, especially Cenozoic andintrusion of the high- to over-mature gas. Furthermore, thelower amplitude of {2.s in the craton region also makesthem easier to be adjusted and redistributed. Therefore, theremaining paleo-uplift and palaeo-slope developed in rela-tively stable tectonic regions are the main potential areas forthe middle-large marine {2.s in the Tarim Basin.

关键词： Tarim Basin craton geochronology of hydrocarbon accumulation history of hydrocarbon accumulation marine reservoir primary reservoir secondary reservoir.

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Abnormal high pressure in Kuqa foreland thrust belt of Tarim basin: Origin and impacts on hydrocarbon accumulation

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Progress in Natural Science:Materials International 2006年第12期16卷 1307-1314页

作者： ZENG Lianbo~1** and LIU Benming~ 1,2.(1. key laboratory of Hydrocarbon Accumulation in {2. Petroleum University, Ministry of Education, Beijing 102.49, {2. 2. The Institute of oil and gas Exploration and Development, Tarim oilfield Company, petrochina Company Limited, Korla 841000, {2.) key laboratory of Hydrocarbon Accumulation in {2. Petroleum University Ministry of Education Beijing 102249 China The Institute of oil and gas Exploration and Development Tarim Oilfield Company PetroChina Company Limited Korla 841000 China

Following analyses of the abnormal high pressure distribution characteristics, based on the geological characteristics, tectonic stress field and physical simulation, we investigated the formation mechanisms of abnormal high pressure and its impacts on hydrocarbon accumulation in the Kuqa foreland thrust belt. The abnormal high pressure appears at the bottom of the Paleogene and obviously exists in the Triassic and Jurassic. However, the pressure coefficient in the Triassic and Jurassic is lower than that in the Cretaceous and at the bottom of the Paleogene. Horizontally, the abnormal high pressure distribution is characterized by E-W orientation zoning. The maximum pressure coefficient lies in the Kelasu-Dongqiu-Dina tectonic zones in the center of the Kuqa foreland thrust belt and decreases away from the tectonic zones. The formation of abnormal high pressure was mainly related with the intense tectonic compression in the Early Pleistocene time, and tectonic uplifting, undercompaction and hydrocarbon generation were secondary factors contributing to abnormal high pressure. Under the rapid and intense tectonic compression in the Early Pleistocene, the rock framework firstly undertook 1/4 of the compression stress and the other was borne by the pore fluids. Due to the presence of great seal of gypsum-salt or gypsum-mudstone beds in the Paleogene, the pressure of pore fluids increased rapidly and led to the abnormal high pressure in the Kuqa foreland thrust belt. The abnormal high pressure has important impacts on hydrocarbon accumulation. It is one of the necessary conditions for formation of large oil and gas fields in the Kuqa foreland thrust belt.

关键词： abnormal high pressure formation mechanism oil and gas {2. Kuqa foreland thrust belt Tarim basin.

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Detection of water in petroleum inclusions and its implications

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Science Bulletin 2006年第12期51卷 1501-1507页

作者： CAO Jian1, YAO Suping1, HU Wenxuan1, ZHANG Yijie2. WANG Xulong3. ZHANG Yueqian3.& TANG Yong3.1. State key laboratory for Mineral Deposit Research, Department of Earth Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 2.0093. {2. 2. Research Institute of Exploration and Development, petrochina, Bei- jing 100083. {2. 3. Research Institute of Exploration and Development, Xinjiang oilfield Company, petrochina, Karamay 83.000, {2. State key laboratory for Mineral Deposit Research Department of Earth Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing China Research Institute of Exploration and Development PetroChina Beijing China Research Institute of Exploration and Development Xinjiang Oilfield Company PetroChina Karamay China

FTIR spectra of inclusions sampled from fault-zone reservoirs of the northwestern Junggar Basin show that water, with different abundances, does exist in petroleum inclusions. It is thus implied that petroleum inclusions can seldom form without water. Different inclusions hosted in one single grain, and formed in one oil charging phase, have a largely varied ratio of water to oil and slightly changed CH3.CH{3.ratio. This likely provides evidence for fault-related episodic migration and accumulation of hydrocarbons.

关键词： water in petroleum inclusions forming mechanism of inclusions episodic migration and accumulation of hydrocarbons FTIR microspectroscopy Junggar Basin.

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Classification and origin of natural gases from Lishui Sag,the East china Sea Basin

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Science china Earth Sciences 2008年第S1期51卷 122-130页

作者： CHEN JianPing 1,2.,GE HePing 3.,CHEN XiaoDong 3.,DENG ChunPing 1,2.&LIANG DiGang 1,2.1 Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration&Development,{3.,Beijing 100083.{2. 2.key Lab of Petroleum Geochemistry,CNPC,Beijing 100083.{2. 3.Shanghai Division,CNOOC,Shanghai 2.003.,{2. Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development PetroChina Beijing China key Lab of Petroleum Geochemistry CNPC Beijing China Shanghai Division CNOOC Shanghai China

Natural gases discovered up to now in Lishui Sag,the East china Sea Basin,differ greatly in gaseous compositions,of which hydrocarbon gases amount to 2.―94%while non-hydrocarbon gases are dominated by *** hydrocarbon gases,without exception,contain less than 90%of methane and over 10%of C2.+ heavier hydrocarbons,indicating a wet *** isotopic analyses on these hydrocarbon gases showed thatδ13. 1 ,δ13. 2.andδ13. 3.are basically lighter than-44‰,-2.‰and-2.‰, *** difference in carbon isotopic values between methane and ethane is great,suggesting a biogenic oil-type gas produced by the mixed organic matter at peak generation.δ13. CO2.values of nonhydrocarbon gases are all heavier than-10‰,indicating a typical abiogenic *** simulation experiment on hydrocarbon generation of organic matter in a closed gold-tube system showed that the proportion of methane in natural gases produced by terrigenous organic matter in the Lingfeng Formation marine deposit is obviously higher than that in natural gases derived from the aquatic and terrigenous mixed organic matter in the Yueguifeng Formation lacustrine deposit,consequently the proportion of heavier hydrocarbons of the former is remarkably lower than that of the ***, δ13. 1 values of natural gases produced by terrigenous organic matter in the Lingfeng Formation marine deposit are about 5‰heavier than those of natural gases derived from the aquatic and terrigenous mixed organic matter in the Yueguifeng Formation lacustrine deposit whileδ13. 2.andδ13. 3.values of the former are over 9‰heavier than those of the *** the LS3.-1 oil-gas pool is the only commercial oil-gas reservoir in Lishui Sag,where carbon isotopic compositions of various hydrocarbon components differ greatly from those of natural gases produced by the Lingfeng Formation organic matter but are very similar to those of natural gases derived from the Yueguifeng Formation organic matter,therefore,natural gases in the

关键词： Lishui Sag natural gas biogenesis abiogenesis lacustrine source rock marine source rock coal-measures source rock

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The components and carbon isotope of the gases in inclusions in reservoir layers of Upper Paleozoic gas pools in the Ordos Basin,{3.

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Science china Earth Sciences 2008年第S1期51卷 115-121页

作者： MI JingKui 1 ,DAI JinXing 1 ,ZHANG ShuiChang 1 ,ZHANG WenZheng 2.,GONG Se 1 &LI XianQing 3.1 Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development,petrochina,Beijing 100083.{2. 2.Exploration and Development Research Institute of petrochina Changqing oilfield Company,Xi’an 71002.,{2. 3.key laboratory of Coal Resources,Ministry of Education,{2. University of Miningand Technology,Beijing 100083.{2. Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChina Beijing China Exploration and Development Research Institute of petrochina Changqing oilfield Company Xi’an China key laboratory of Coal Resources Ministry of Education China University of Miningand Technology Beijing China

The components and carbon isotope of gases in inclusions are one of the most important geochemical indexes for gas *** analysis results of the components and carbon isotope of gases from inclusions in {3. layers of Upper Palaeozoic gas pools in the Ordos Basin show that most inclusions grown in {3. sandstone are primary *** is only a little difference about the components and carbon isotope between the well gases and the secondary inclusions *** indicated that the epigenetic change of gas pools is *** difference between the well gases and the secondary inclusions gases is caused by two reasons:(i)The well gases come from several disconnected sand bodies buried in a segment of depth,while the inclusion gases come from a point of depth.(ii)The secondary inclusions trapped the gases generated in the former stage of source rock gas generation,and the well gases are the mixed gases generated in all the *** is irresponsible to reconstruct the palaeo-temperature and palaeo-pressure under which the gas pool formed using carbon dioxide inclusions.

关键词： Ordos Basin Upper Paleozoic inclusion gas components carbon isotope

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Mechanism for calcite dissolution and its contribution to development of reservoir porosity and permeability in the Kela 2.gas field,Tarim Basin,{2.

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Science china Earth Sciences 2008年第4期51卷 567-578页

作者： YU BingSong1,3. DONG HailLiang2.3.& RUAN Zhuang1,3.1 State key laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, {2. University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083. {2. 2.Department of Geology, Miami University,Oxford, OH 45056, USA 3.Geomicrobiology laboratory, {2. University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083. {2. State key laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources China University of Geosciences Beijing China Geomicrobiology laboratory China University of Geosciences Beijing China Department of Geology Miami University Oxford USA

This study is undertaken to understand how calcite precipitation and dissolution contributes to depth-related changes in porosity and permeability of gas-bearing sandstone reservoirs in the Kela 2.gas field of the Tarim Basin, Northwestern china. Sandstone samples and pore water samples are col-lected from well KL2.1 in the Tarim Basin. Vertical profiles of porosity, permeability, pore water chem-istry, and the relative volume abundance of calcite/dolomite are constructed from 3.00 to 4000 m below the ground surface within major oil and gas reservoir rocks. Porosity and permeability values are in-versely correlated with the calcite abundance, indicating that calcite dissolution and precipitation may be controlling porosity and permeability of the reservoir rocks. Pore water chemistry exhibits a sys-tematic variation from the Na2.O4 type at the shallow depth (3.00-3.3. m), to the NaHCO3.type at the intermediate depth (3.3.―3.95 m),and to the CaCl2.type at the greater depth (3.2.―3.3. m). The geochemical factors that control the calcite solubility include pH, temperature, pressure, Ca2. concen-tration, the total inorganic carbon concentration (ΣCO2., and the type of pore water. Thermodynamic phase equilibrium and mass conservation laws are applied to calculate the calcite saturation state as a function of a few key parameters. The model calculation illustrates that the calcite solubility is strongly dependent on the chemical composition of pore water, mainly the concentration difference between the total dissolved inorganic carbon and dissolved calcium concentration (i.e., [ΣCO2. -[Ca2.]). In the Na2.O4 water at the shallow depth, this index is close to 0, pore water is near the calcite solubility. Calcite does not dissolve or precipitate in significant quantities. In the NaHCO3.water at the intermedi-ate depth, this index is greater than 0, and pore water is supersaturated with respect to calcite. Massive calcite precipitation was observed at this depth interval and

关键词： calcite dissolution porosity thermodynamic Tarim Basin

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Research on the dynamics of the South china Sea opening:Evidence from analogue modeling

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Science china Earth Sciences 2006年第10期49卷 1053-1069页

作者： SUN Zhen1,2. ZHOU Di1, ZHONG Zhihong3. XIA Bin2. QIU Xuelin1, ZENG Zuoxun4 & JIANG Jianqun5 1. CAS key {3. of Marginal Sea Geology, South {2. Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 5103.1, {2. 2. CAS key {3. of Marginal Sea Geology, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, {2. 3. Department of Technology, Shenzhen Branch of CNOOC, Guangzhou 5102.0, {2. 4. Faculty of Earth Sciences, {2. University of Geosciences, Wuhan 43.074, {2. 5. Hainan oil & gas Exploration Company, Liaohe oilfield petrochina, Panjin 12.010, {2. CAS key laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology South China Sea Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou China CAS key laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou China Department of Technology Shenzhen Branch of CNOOC Guangzhou China Faculty of Earth Sciences China University of Geosciences Wuhan China Hainan oil & gas Exploration Company Liaohe Oilfield PetroChina Panjin China

Independent of Indochina extrusion, the South china Sea experienced a process from passive continental rifting to marginal sea drifting. According to the fault patterns in the Beibu Gulf basin and the Pearl River Mouth basin, the continental rifting and early spreading stage from 3.2}to 2. Ma were controlled by extensional stress field, which shifted clockwise from southeastward to south southeastward. From 2. Ma on, the sea spread in NW-SE direction and ceased spreading at around 15.5 Ma. Integrated geological information with the assumption that the South china Sea developed along a pre-Cenozoic weakness zone, we did analogue experiments on the South china Sea evolu- tion. Experiments revealed that the pre-existing weakness zone goes roughly along the uplift zone between the present Zhu-1 and Zhu-2.depression. The pre-existing weakness zone is composed of three segments trending NNE, roughly EW and NEE, respectively. The early opening of the South china Sea is accompanied with roughly 15° clockwise rotation, while the SE sub-sea basin opened with SE extension. Tinjar fault was the western boundary of the Nansha block (Dangerous Ground), while Lupar fault was the eastern boundary of the Indochina, NW-trending rift belt known as Zengmu basin developed between above two faults due to block divergent of Indochina from Nansha. In the experiment, transtensional flower structures along NW-trending faults are seen, and slight inversion occurs along some NE-dipping faults. The existence of rigid massifs changed the orientations of some faults and rift belt, and also led to deformation concentrate around the massifs. The rifting and drifting of the South china Sea might be caused by slab pull from the proto South china Sea subducting toward Borneo and/or mantle flow caused by India-Asia collision.

关键词： South china Sea, rifting and drifting, clockwise rotation, analogue modeling, rigid massifs.

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Discovery of a Late Permian Angara-Cathaysia mixed flora from Acheng of Heilongjiang,china,with discussions on the closure of the Paleoasian Ocean

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Science china Earth Sciences 2009年第12期52卷 1746-1755页

作者： DENG ShengHui1,2. WAN ChuanBiao3.& YANG JianGuo3.1 Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, petrochina, Beijing 100083. {2. 2.State key laboratory of Enhanced oil Recovery, Beijing 100083.{2. 3.Daqing Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, petrochina, Daqing 164712. {2. Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChina Beijing China State key laboratory of Enhanced {2. Recovery Beijing China Daqing Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChina Daqing China

This work documents a new flora from the Upper Permian Hongshan Formation of Acheng County, Heilongjiang Province, Northwest china. The flora consists of 2. species: Paracalamites sp., Pecopteris tangwangheensis Huang, Callipteris obese Huang, Callipteris shenshuensis Huang, C. tangwangheensis Huang, C. heilongjiangensis Huang, C. zeilleri Zalessky, C. sp., Comia yichunensis Huang, C. tenueaxis Huang, Iniopteris sibirica Zalessky, Supaia teiliensis Huang, Compsopteris tchirkovae Zalessky, C. cf. adzvensis Zalessky, Nilssonia sp. 1, Nil. sp. 2. Taeniopteris cf. densissima Halle, T. cf. nystraemii Halle, T. sp. and Noeggerathiopsis derzavinii Neub. It is dominated by Angara species but mixed with some typical Cathaysian elements. The age of the flora is assigned to late of the Late Permian according to the stratigraphic ranges of the known species and the comparisons of it with the similar floras. The new discovery indicates that the final collision between the North china Plate and Siberian Plate occurred in Late Permian along the Xar Moron River-Changchun-Yanji sutured zone, and the Paleoasian Ocean was finally closed at the end of the Permian.

关键词： Late Permian mixed Angara-Cathaysia flora Paleoasian Ocean plate collision Heilongjiang Province of china

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