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A Probabilistic View of Debris Flow

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Journal of mountain Science 2008年第2期5卷 91-97页

作者： LI Yong SU Pengcheng CUI Peng HU Kaiheng Key Laboratory of mountain hazards and Surface Process Chinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu 610041 Sichuan P.R.China institute of mountain {2. and environment CAS Chengdu P. R. China

Most debris flows occur in valleys of area smaller than 50 km2. While associated with a valley, debris flow is by no means a full-valley event but originates from parts of the valley, i.e., the tributary sources. We propose that debris flow develops by extending from tributaries to the mainstream. The debris flow observed in the mainstream is the confluence of the tributary flows and the process of the confluence can be considered as a combination of the tributary elements. The frequency distribution of tributaries is found subject to the Weibull form (or its generalizations). And the same distribution form applies to the discharge of debris flow. Then the process of debris flow is related to the geometric structure of the valley. Moreover, viewed from a large scale of water system, all valleys are tributaries, which have been found to assume the same distribution. With each valley corresponding to a debris flow, the distribution can be taken as the frequency distribution of debris flow and therefore provides a quantitative description of the fact that debris flow is inclined to occur at valley of small size. Furthermore, different parameters appear in different regions, suggesting the regional differentials of debris flow potential. We can use the failure rate, instead of the size per se, to describe the risk of a valley of a given area. Finally we claim that the valleys of debris flow in different regions are in the similar episode of evolution.

关键词： Debris flow tributary probability distribution risk assessment

^(137)Cs Redistribution in Thin Stony Soil of a Carbonate Rock Slope in Southwest China

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Pedosphere 2011年第1期21卷 37-45页

作者： LI Hao ZHANG Xin-Bao WANG Kc-Lin WEN An-Bang institute of mountain {2. and environment Chinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu 610041 (China) Graduate University Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 (China) State Key Laboratory of environmental Geochemistry Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guiyang 550002 (China) institute of Subtropical Agriculture Chinese Academy of Sciences Changsha 410125 (China)

The fallout radionuclide cesium-137(137 Cs) has been widely employed as a tracer for assessment of soil loss from thick uniform soils;however,few studies have been conducted on thin stony soils on slopes underlain by carbonate rocks which are widely distributed in karst *** derived from 137 Cs measurement of soil samples collected along a carbonate rock slope with thin stony soil where neither soil erosion nor deposition occurred was used to investigate the characteristics of 137 Cs redistribution in a karst area of Southwest *** results indicated that the 137 Cs inventories of the surface soil on the slope studied were much lower than that of the local 137 Cs reference inventory and the 137 Cs activities were much higher than those on slopes with thick uniform *** spatial distribution of 137 Cs inventories was characterized by considerable *** high 137 Cs depletion in the stony soil of the slope studied was mainly because a considerable proportion of the fallout input of 137 Cs could be lost with runoff and the dissolution of carbonate particles in the soil promoted the loss of 137 *** demonstrated that the rates of soil loss could not be estimated from the degree of depletion of the 137 Cs inventory relative to the local reference inventory for the thin stony soil of the rocky slope underlain by carbonate rocks in the study area in the way that has been widely used in areas with thick uniform soils.

关键词： carbonate dissolution, ^137Cs fallout, ^137Cs inventory karst area runoff

Characteristics of Earthquake-Triggered Landslides and Post-Earthquake Debris Flows in Beichuan County

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Journal of mountain Science 2010年第3期7卷 246-254页

作者： ZHUANG Jianqi CUI Peng HU Kaiheng CHEN Xiaoqing GE Yonggang Key Laboratory of mountain hazards and Land Surface Processes and {2. of mountain hazards and environment Chinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu 610041 China Graduate University of chinese academy of sciences Beijing 100049 China

Field investigations and aerial photography after the earthquake of May 12. 2.08 show a large number of geo-hazards in the zone of extreme earthquake effects. In particular, landslides and debris flows, the geo-hazards that most threaten post-disaster reconstruction, are widely distributed. We describe the characteristics of these geo-hazards in Beichuan County using high-resolution remote sensing of landslide distribution, and the relationships between the area and volume of landslides and the peak-discharges of debris flows both pre- and post-earthquake. The results show： 1） The concentration （defined as the number of landslide sources per unit area： Lc） of earthquake- triggered landslides is inversely correlated with distance from the earthquake （DF） fault. The relationship is described by the following equation： Lc = 3.2.64exp（-0.0831DF）（R2.= 0.92.6）; 2. 87 % of the earthquake-triggered landslides were less than 15× 10^4 m2.in area, and these accounted only for 5o% of the total area; 84% of the landslide volumes were less than 60×10^4 m3, and these accounted only for 50% of the total volume. The probability densities of the area and volume distributions are correlated： landslide abundance increases with landslide area and volume up to maximum values of 5 ×10^4m2.and 30 ×10^4 m3, respectively, and then decreases exponentially. 3） The area （AL） and volume （VL） of earthquake-triggered landslides are correlated as described with the following equation： VL=6.5138AL1.02.7 （R2.= 0.92.1）; 4）Characteristics of the debris flows changed after the earthquake because of the large amount of landslide material deposited in the gullies. Consequently, debris flow peak-discharge increased following the earthquake as described with the following equation： Vpost = 0.842.Vprel-0972.（R2.= 0.982.）（Vpre is the peak discharge ofpre-earthquake flows and the Vpost is the peak discharge of post-earthquake flows）. We obtained the distribution of the landslides based on the above anal

关键词： 5.12.earthquake Landslide Debris flow Magnitude Beiehuan County

NEW STRATEGIES FOR AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN CHINA'S mountain AREAS

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Natural Disaster Reduction in China 2002年第3期 36-41页

作者： Chen Guojie (chengdu institute of {2. hazards and environment, chinese academy of sciences & the Ministry of Water Conservancy, chengdu 610041, sichuan, China)

Now that the problems of food and clothing have been solved substantially in the mountain areas of China, new strategies are needed for developing the agriculture in these areas, such as "farming according to market demands", "minimizing time distance between demand and supply", "enlarging the scale of farming", "raising the quality of produces", "industrializing agriculture", "developing eco agriculture", "providing farmer oriented training", "pursuing integrated mountain development", and so on.

关键词： agriculture development strategy industrialization of agriculture buyer’s market

Seismically Induced Slope Instabilities and the Corresponding Treatments:the Case of a Road in the Wenchuan Earthquake Hit Region

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Journal of mountain Science 2009年第1期6卷 96-100页

作者： LI Xinpo HE Siming Key laboratory of mountain hazards and Surface Process CAS Chengdu 610041 China institute of mountain {2. and environment CAS Chengdu 610041 China

On May 12. 2.08, a magnitude 8.0 earthquake hit Wenchuan County, sichuan Province resulted in great loss of life and ***, abundant landslides and slope failures were triggered in the most seriously hit areas and caused disastrous damages to infrastructures and public ***, abundant unstable slopes caused by the quake have the potential to cause damages for a considerable long period of *** variety of these slopes and the corresponding treatments are connected with the topographical and geological conditions of the *** is decided to document and identify some of these major slope instabilities caused by the earthquake and their *** paper shows the condition of a road in Dujiangyan through in situ *** case history showed significant implications to the reconstruction of the quake-hit regions and future disaster prevention and management works.

关键词： Slope failure slope reinforcement design the Wenehuan earthquake China

A 3D visible evaluation of landslide risk degree under integration of GIS and artificial intelligence

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Science China(Technological sciences) 2003年第z1期46卷 142-147页

作者： QIAO Jianping, ZHU Axing, CHEN Yongbo& WANG Rongxun institute of mountain {2. and environment, chinese academy of sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, chengdu 610041, China Geography Department of Wisconsin University, Madison, Wisconsin, USA chinese Acad Sci Inst Mt Hazards & Environm Chengdu 610041 Peoples R China Minist Water Resources Chengdu 610041 Peoples R China Univ Wisconsin Dept Geog Madison WI 53706 USA

Artificial intelligence has been used to obtain background factors (basic environmental factors) from landslide specialists. A 3D visible evaluation map may be charted by fuzzy evaluation, and the traditional plane map may be decoded into a 3D map by using factor weight from specialists system and technology of RS and GIS for quantitative sampling of these factors.

关键词： GIS technology, artificial intelligence, landslide, visibility.

Study on ground temperature change and characteristic response of engineering geology of permafrost along Qinghai-Tibet Railway

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Science China(Technological sciences) 2003年第z1期46卷 78-90页

作者： PAN Weidong, WANG Quancai, YU Shaoshui & ZHANG Xiaoyan Department of Mechanics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China institute of mountain {2. and environment, chinese academy of sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, chengdu 610041, China State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering, Cold and Arid Regions environment and Engineering Research institute, chinese academy of sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China sichuan Provincial Communications Department, chengdu 610041, China Lanzhou Univ Dept Mech Sch Phys Sci & Technol Lanzhou 730000 Peoples R China chinese Acad Sci Inst Mt Hazards & Environm Chengdu 610041 Peoples R China Minist Water Resources Chengdu 610041 Peoples R China chinese Acad Sci State Key Lab Frozen Soil Engn Cold & Arid Reg Environm & Engn Res Inst Lanzhou 730000 Peoples R China sichuan Prov Commun Dept Chengdu 610041 Peoples R China

Along with the global warming in the recent scores of years, comparatively big changes have taken place in the weather and other environmental conditions of the permafrost area in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and very big changes have also occurred in the engineering geological conditions of the permafrost area. Based on a large volume of field survey data, this paper discusses the regularities of horizontal and vertical distribution of permafrost, with its focus of analysis on the temperature change characteristics of the soil in different frozen-soil zones, as well as presents simulation analysis and research for the engineering geologic characteristic response changes that would occur in the future when the temperature of the frozen soil in different zones rises by 1 and 2.6℃ respectively, which will have a tremendous impact on the stability of constructional work.

关键词： Qinghai-Tibet Railway, permafrost, ground temperature, engineering geological characteristic.

Some open problems in granular matter mechanics

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Progress in Natural Science:Materials International 2009年第5期19卷 523-529页

作者： Qicheng Sun a, Guangqian Wanga, Kaiheng Hub a Department of Hydraulic Engineering, State Key Laboratory for Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China b institute of mountain {2. and environment, chinese academy of sciences, chengdu 610041, China [a]Department of Hydraulic Engineering State Key Laboratory for Hydroscience and Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China [b]Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu 610041 China

Granular matter is a large assemblage of solid particles, which is fundamentally different from any other type of matters, such as solid and liquid. Most models presented for granular matter are phenomenological and are only suitable for solving engineering problems. Many fundamental mechanical problems remain open. By analyzing characteristics of internal state structure, we propose that granular matter is intrinsically multiscale, i.e. microscale of particle size, mesoscale of force chain, and macroscale of the bulk of granular matter. The correlations among difference scales would be crucial. The mesoscale force chain network is determined by both particle properties and macroscopic boundary conditions. The evolution of the force the chain network contributes to macroscopic mechanical properties of granular matter. In addition, we discuss the drawbacks in simplifying contact forces in the current models, and the difficulties in analyzing the interaction of interstitial fluid in wet granular matter. As an appropriate application of granular matter, debris flow can be studied with granular matter mechanics; meanwhile, debris flow brings more challenges which certainly motivate future studies on granular matter.

关键词： Granular matter Multiscale mechanics Force chain Contact mechanics Debris flow

Adaptation Management of mountain Tourism Service: The Case of the Source Regions of the Yangtze and Yellow River

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Journal of mountain Science 2009年第3期6卷 299-310页

作者： FANG Yiping QIN Dahe DING Yongjian YANG Jianping institute of mountain {2. & environment Chinese Academy of Sciences 610041 Chengdu China Cold and Arid Regions environmental and Engineering Research institute Chinese Academy of Sciences 730000 Lanzhou China

mountain areas are often rich in ecological diversity and recreational opportunities. mountain tourism is thought to be an effective and important means for maintaining and expanding rural economies and, thus, improving the living conditions of rural societies. As mountain tourism service research is a professional field with several disciplines involved, a multi-disciplinary management pIatform is needed and it facilitates participation in sustainable mountain development by diverse stakeholders. With the source regions of the Yangtze and the Yellow River as a case study, this paper presents a conceptual framework for an adaptation management of mountain tourism services according to technical, policy, social and economic dimensions. The framework is based on a vulnerability assessment of mountain ecosystems, and can serve as a reference for the development of tourism service in other mountain areas.

关键词： adaptation management mountain tourism service (MTS) source regions of Yangtze and Yellow Rivers China