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Science china Earth Sciences 2004年第3期47卷 239-246页

作者： QIU Xinfa1, ZENG Yan2. MIAO Qilong1 & YU Qiang2.1. Department of geography, nanjing institute of meteorology,{2., china 2. institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, china Department of geography Nanjing Institute of Meteorology Nanjing 210044 China Inst. of Geogr. Sci./Nat. Rsrc. Res. Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China

Views diverge greatly on the relationship between actual evapotranspiration (AE) and potential evapotranspiration (PE). Penman showed that AE is determined in intensity by PE and changes proportionally as a function of PE. In contrast, Bouchet indicated that AE deter-mines PE and varies inversely with PE. Based on nearly 30 years data from 432.weather stations and 512.hydrological stations in china, the two different theories, Penman抯 assumption and Bouchet抯 complementary relationship between AE and PE, were tested on nine river basins. With data integration technique, the complementary relationship between AE and PE was dis-played entirely. A general model to estimate the actual evapotranspiration from nonsaturated surfaces by routine meteorological observations has been established on the basis of thorough analysis of the concept of PE. The results show that the calculations are all in error control of <10%, except for a few years over the Yellow River Basin.

关键词： complementary relationship of evapotranspiration, potential evapotranspiration, actual evapotranspiration.

A general model for estimating actual evaporation from non-saturated surfaces

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2002年第4期12卷 479-484页

作者： QIU Xinfa1,2. ZENG Yan3, LIU Changming3(1. dept. of Urban && Resource Science, nanjing University, nanjing 2.0093, china 2. dept. of geography, nanjing institute of meteorology, nanjing 2.0044, china 3. Inst. of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources dept. of Urban & Resource Science Nanjing University Nanjing China dept. of geography Nanjing Institute of Meteorology Nanjing China Inst. of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research CAS Beijing China

Based on energy balance equation and mass transfer equation, a general model to estimate actual evaporation from non-saturated surfaces was derived. Making use of two concepts, “relative evaporation” and “relative drying power”, a relationship was established to account for the departure from saturated conditions. Using this model, the actual evaporation (evapotranspiration) can be calculated without the need of potential evaporation estimation. Furthermore, the model requires only a few meteorological parameters that are readily and routinely obtainable at standard weather stations. Based on nearly 30 years data of 432.meteorological stations and 512.hydrological stations in china, in combined with GIS, nine typical river basins were selected. Using the data of the selected river basins, the model was tested. The results show that the actual evaporation rate can be estimated with an error of less than 10% in most areas of china, except few years in the Yellow River Basin.

关键词： potential evaporation actual evaporation

Influence of interannual variability of Antarctic oscillation on mei-yu along the Yangtze and Huaihe River valley and its importance to prediction

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2003年第S2期48卷 61-67页

作者： GAO Hui~(1,2., XUE Feng~1 WANG Huijun~1 1. institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10002., china 2. Department of Atmospheric Sciences,{2., nanjing 2.0044. china Chinese Acad Sci Inst Atmospher Phys Beijing 100029 Peoples R China nanjing Inst Meteorol Dept Atmospher Sci Nanjing 210044 Peoples R China

Both correlation analysis and case study indi-cate that Antarctic oscillation (AAO) is closely related withsummer rainfall in eastern china. When AAO is stronger inboreal spring, especially in May, there is more mei-yu rain-fall in summer with a longer period along the Yangtze andHuaihe River valley. In contrast, there is less rainfall with ashorter period corresponding to a weaker AAO. Besides, ananomalous AAO changes the position and intensity of severalcirculation systems, which are important to summer rainfallalong the Yangtze and Huaihe River valley. Furthermore, theAntarctic sea ice is negatively correlated with the intensity ofAAO with a 6-month leading time. The result in this studyprovides a new method for the prediction of mei-yu.

关键词： Antarctic oscillation interannual variability mei-yu Antarctic sea ice.

Spacial organization on the rural settlements in plain areas—taking Pinghu city in Zhejiang of china as an example

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2000年第3期10卷 59-64页

作者： XUE Dong-qian1, YAO Shi-mou2. ZHANG Hong1 (1. dept. of Tourism and Environment, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062. china 2. {2. institute of geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, {2. 2.0008, china)

This paper analyses the spacial distribution, quantity-scale, function-structure and facilities from the angle of spacial organizational optimizing theory and sustainable development thought. The authors point out the distributional principles of rural settlements in plain areas, and put forward planning and distribution of various levels of rural settlements (central villages, basic villages and natural villages).

关键词： plain area central villages basic villages natural villages spacial organization

Distribution of possible sunshine durations over rugged terrains of china

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Progress in Natural Science:Materials International 2003年第10期 41-44+81页

作者： ZENG Yan 1, QIU Xinfa 2.*, MIAO Qilong 2.and LIU Changming 1(1. institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, china 2. Department of {2., nanjing institute of meteorology, nanjing 2.0044, china) institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China Department of geography Nanjing Institute of Meteorology Nanjing 210044 China

Based on the digital elevation model (DEM), a new model for calculating possible sunshine duration (PSD) is completely described. Using this model, monthly PSD with resolution of 1 km×1 km for the rugged topography of china is calculated. Results suggest that terrain has robust effect on PSD, particularly in winter when a lower sun elevation angle exists. Besides, the proposed model taking the DEM data as the input has an ability to process mass of data and is applicable to satellite image processing platforms or Geographic Information System (GIS). The PSD (in hours) is provided in the same way as other kinds of spatial information and can be employed as basic geographic data for relevant studies as well.

关键词： possible sunshine duration (PSD) rugged terrains spatial distributions digital elevation model (DEM).

Preliminary study on assessment of nutrient transport in the Taihu Basin based on SWAT modeling

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Science china Earth Sciences 2006年第Z1期49卷 135-145页

作者： LAI Geying, YU Ge & GUI Feng nanjing institute of {2. & Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, nanjing 2.0008, china The Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, china Key Lab of Poyang Lake Ecological Environment and Resource Development, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 33002., china nanjing institute of {2. & Limnology Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanjing China The Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Key Lab of Poyang Lake Ecological Environment and Resource Development Jiangxi Normal University Nanchang China

With the Taihu Basin as a study area, using the spatially distributed and mechanism-based SWAT model, preliminary simulations of nutrient transport in the Taihu Basin during the period of 1995～2.02.has been carried out. The topography, soil, meteorology and land use with industrial point pollution discharge, the loss of agricultural fertilizers, urban sewerage, and livestock drainages were all considered in the boundary conditions of the simulations. The model was calibrated and validated against water quality monitoring data from 2.01 to 2.02. The results show that the annual total productions of nitrogen (TN) and phosphorus (TP) into Lake Taihu are 40000t and 2.00t respectively. Nutrient from the Huxi Region is a major resource for Lake Taihu. The non-point source (surface source) pollution is the main form of catchment sources of nutrients into Lake Taihu,occupied TN 53% and TP 56% respectively. TN and TP nutrients from industrial point pollution discharge are 30% and 16%, and sewerage in both forms of point source and non-point source are TN 31% and TP 47%. Both the loss of agricultural fertilizers and livestock drainages from the catchment should be paid more attention as an important nutrient source. The results also show that SWAT is an effective model for the simulation of temporally and spatially nutrient changes and for the assessment of the trends in a catchment scale.

关键词： Taihu Basin, nutrients, catchment resource inputs, SWAT model, simulation.

Water resources optimization and eco-environmental protection in Qaidam Basin

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2001年第2期11卷 231-238页

作者： FANG Chuang-lin~1, BAO Chao~2.(1. institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, china {2., Peking University, Beijing 100871, china) institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research CAS dept. of geography Peking University

In order to realize sustainable development of the arid area of Northwest china, rational water resources exploitation and optimization are primary prerequisites. Based on the essential principle of sustainable development, this paper puts forward a general idea on water resources optimization and eco-environmental protection in Qaidam Basin, and identifies the competitive multiple targets of water resources optimization. By some qualitative methods such as Input-output Model & AHP Model and some quantitative methods such as System Dynamics Model & Produce Function Model, some standard plans of water resources optimization come into being. According to the Multiple Targets Decision by the Closest Value Model, the best plan of water resources optimization, eco-environmental protection and sustainable development in Qaidam Basin is finally decided.

关键词： water resources optimization Multiple Targets Decision by the Closest Value Model eco-environmental protection Qaidam Basin

Fractionation of Heavy Metals in Sediments from Dianchi Lake,china

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Pedosphere 2007年第2期17卷 265-272页

作者： LI Ren-Ying YANG Hao ZHOU Zhi-Gao Lü Jun-Jie SHAO Xiao-Hua JIN Feng State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture Institute of Soil Science Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanjing 210008 （China）. College of geography Science Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210097 （China） Department of Applied meteorology Nanjing University of Information Science ＆ Technology Nanjing 210044 （China）

Fractionation of heavy metals in sediments can help in understanding potential hazards of heavy metals. The present study analyzed total concentrations and fractions of selected heavy metals （Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn） in surface sediments from Dianchi Lake, Yunnan Province, china, as well as factors that may affect distributions of the various heavy metal fractions. Total concentrations of the heavy metals decreased in the order Zn 〉 Cu 〉 Pb 〉 Cr 〉 Cd. These heavy metals, except Cr, were much higher than their background levels, indicating that Dianchi Lake was polluted by Cd, Zn, Pb, and Cu. Cadmium occurred mainly as the non-residual fraction （sum of the HOAc-soluble, reducible, and oxidizable fractions）（97.6%）, and Zn （55.7%） was also predominantly found in the non-residual fraction. In contrast, most of the Cr （88.5%）, Pb （81.8%）, and Cu （59.2.） occurred in the residual fraction. Correlation analysis showed that total heavy metal concentrations, organic matter and reducible Fe were the main factors affecting the distributions of the various heavy metal fractions. In the Walhai section of Dianchi Lake （comprising 97% of the lake area）, the concentrations of Cd, Zn, Pb, and Cu in the non-residual fraction were significantly lower （P ≤ 0.01 or 0.05） than those of the Caohal section （3% of the lake area）. This indicated that potential heavy metal hazards in the Caohai section were greater than the Waihai section.

关键词： Dianchi Lake heavy metal fractions lake sediment organic matter reducible Fe

A preliminary study of the quantitative couplingbetween loess-paleosol sequences and summermon soon changes

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 1999年第4期9卷 394-401页

作者： HAO Yong-ping FANGXiao-min LIJi-jun(LREIS, institute of geography, CAS, Beijing 100101{2.: dept. of geography, LanzhouUniversity, Lanzhou 730000,{2.)

The Loess Plateau-Northeastern Tibetan Plateau in china is famous for its deep andcontmuous distributed loess, in which soils (developed from loess) vary gradually with differentbiological climates changing from subhumid to arid, which provide a natural proving ground forstUd}' the coupling of loess-paleosol and climatic changes quantitatively. Thirty-two sections weresampled (collected) for measuring chemical element contents, clay content (and other items) and 60sections were collected for carbonate analysis to establish transfer functions between pedogenesisand climate. Finally, we estimated the paleoclAnate (P/T) in the region with transfer functions,It isrevealed that the variation of paleocldriate reflected by transfer functions accorded closely with theclimatic pattern resulted from recent work. Specifically, it was about 140 ha BP that summermonsoon reached Lanzhou or further, paleosol S1 (equaling to MIS 5 in deep sea records) developedstrongly in a large scale, even touching upon northeanstern Tibetan Plateau. And, the estimated P/Tinformation also indicated the cold and humid period during 50-30 ka BP, mean annual Precipitationwas about 400-500 nun in Angutan recorded by mega-interstadial paleosol Sm.

关键词： Loess Plateau, northeastern Tibetan Plateau pedogedsis loess-paleosol sequences,summer monsoon transfer functions

Southwest china and Southeast Asia: towards sustainability through cooperative development and management of international rivers

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 1998年第3期8卷 99-104页

作者： HE Daming Yunnan institute of geography, Yunnan, Kunming 6502.3{2. dept. of geography, the University of Memphis, Memphis, TN38152. USA Hsiange te Kung dept. of geography, the University of Memphis, Memphis, TN38152. USA

The western part of china borders on South and Southeast Asia. Of the numerous well known international rivers sharing with the two regions, the Lancang Mekong River has been most extensively studied in the world for its important strategic position, rich resources, prosperous potential market as well as considerable opportunities for investment and development. The sustainable multipurpose development in this area has increasingly become the focus of international regional cooperation, and great attention has been paid to this area by the international society. Up to now, at least 10 major actions in the international regional cooperation are expected in this area. This paper intends, at the angle of geography and with the overall target of promoting the sustainable development in the basin through international cooperations, to study the international position, the potential and the prospects for development of the Lancang Mekong River, to analyze the main problems in this international cooperation, to propose targets and prospects for such cooperation, and to indicate the way for geographers to participate in such research.

关键词： international rivers cooperation development Lancang Mekong River.