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Classification and origin of natural gases from Lishui Sag,the East china Sea Basin

Science china Earth Sciences 2008年第S1期51卷 122-130页

作者： CHEN JianPing 1,2 ,GE HePing 3 ,CHEN XiaoDong 3 ,DENG ChunPing 1,2 &LIANG DiGang 1,2 1 Research Institute of petroleum Exploration&Development,Petrochina,beijing 100083,china 2 key lab of petroleum geochemistry,cnpc,beijing 100083,china 3 Shanghai Division,CNOOC,Shanghai 200030,china Research Institute of petroleum Exploration & Development PetroChina Beijing China key lab of petroleum geochemistry CNPC Beijing China Shanghai Division CNOOC Shanghai China

Natural gases discovered up to now in Lishui Sag,the East china Sea Basin,differ greatly in gaseous compositions,of which hydrocarbon gases amount to 2%―94%while non-hydrocarbon gases are dominated by *** hydrocarbon gases,without exception,contain less than 90%of methane and over 10%of C2 + heavier hydrocarbons,indicating a wet *** isotopic analyses on these hydrocarbon gases showed thatδ13C 1 ,δ13C 2 andδ13C 3 are basically lighter than-44‰,-29‰and-26‰, *** difference in carbon isotopic values between methane and ethane is great,suggesting a biogenic oil-type gas produced by the mixed organic matter at peak generation.δ13C CO2 values of nonhydrocarbon gases are all heavier than-10‰,indicating a typical abiogenic *** simulation experiment on hydrocarbon generation of organic matter in a closed gold-tube system showed that the proportion of methane in natural gases produced by terrigenous organic matter in the Lingfeng Formation marine deposit is obviously higher than that in natural gases derived from the aquatic and terrigenous mixed organic matter in the Yueguifeng Formation lacustrine deposit,consequently the proportion of heavier hydrocarbons of the former is remarkably lower than that of the ***, δ13C 1 values of natural gases produced by terrigenous organic matter in the Lingfeng Formation marine deposit are about 5‰heavier than those of natural gases derived from the aquatic and terrigenous mixed organic matter in the Yueguifeng Formation lacustrine deposit whileδ13C 2 andδ13C 3 values of the former are over 9‰heavier than those of the *** the LS36-1 oil-gas pool is the only commercial oil-gas reservoir in Lishui Sag,where carbon isotopic compositions of various hydrocarbon components differ greatly from those of natural gases produced by the Lingfeng Formation organic matter but are very similar to those of natural gases derived from the Yueguifeng Formation organic matter,therefore,natural gases in the

关键词： Lishui Sag natural gas biogenesis abiogenesis lacustrine source rock marine source rock coal-measures source rock

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A discussion on the upper limit of maturity for gas generation by marine kerogens and the utmost of gas generative potential:Taking the study on the Tarim Basin as an example

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Science Bulletin 2007年第S1期 125-132页

作者： CHEN JianPing1,2, ZHAO WenZhi1, XIAO ZhongYao3, ZHANG ShuiChang1,2, DENG ChunPing1,2, SUN YongGe4 & WANG ZhaoMing3 1 Research Institute of petroleum Exploration & Development, Petrochina, beijing 100083, china 2 key lab of petroleum geochemistry, cnpc, beijing 100083, china 3 Research Institute of petroleum Exploration & Development, Tarim Oilfield Company, Petrochina, Korla 841000, china 4 State key lab of Organic geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, china

The experimental data yielded by Rock-Eval pyrolysis, kerogen atomic H/C, Py-GC and gold-tube sealing thermal simulation on the marine Cambrian-Ordovician source rock from the Tarim Basin revealed that the upper limit of maturity for natural gas generation or the "deadline of gas generation" for marine types I and II kerogens is equal to 3.0% of vitrinite reflectance (Ro); while the "deadline of gas generation" for type III kerogens typically like coals is as high as 10% Ro. Thus, different organic matter has obviously different utmost maturities for gas generation. The mass-balance calculation by kerogen elements showed that when Ro>1.5%, the utmost amount of gas generation for the marine type II kerogen is less than 185 m3/t TOC, accounting for less than 30% of its total hydrocarbon generative potential; when Ro>2.0%, it becomes 110 m3/t TOC, less than 20% of the total hydrocarbon generative potential. The amount of the gas generative potential obtained by Rock-Eval is only around one tenth of the calculated value by the mass balance of kerogen elements at the same thermal evolutionary stage, while those by Py-GC and gold-tube sealing simulation are intervenient between the above two. The utmost of gas generative potential at the over 1.3% Ro stage is around 60―90 m3/t TOC, therefore, the amount of gas generation obtained by Rock-Eval is the minimum of gas generative potential, while that by the mass-balance calculation of kerogen elements is the maximum that the actual amount of gas generation should not exceed.

关键词： marine source rock kerogen maturity natural gas deadline of gas generation utmost of gas generative potential

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Propagation characteristics of converted refracted wave and its application in static correction of converted wave

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Science china Earth Sciences 2008年第S2期51卷 226-232页

作者： LIU Yang1,2 & WEI XiuCheng3 1 State key laboratory of petroleum Resource and Prospecting,china University of petroleum,beijing 102249,china 2 cnpc Geophysical Exploration key laboratory,china University of petroleum,beijing 102249,china 3 Exploration and Production Research Institute,SINOPEC,beijing 100083,china State key laboratory of petroleum Resource and Prospecting China University of Petroleum Beijing China cnpc Geophysical Exploration key laboratory China University of Petroleum Beijing China Exploration and Production Research Institute SINOPEC Beijing China

Three-component seismic exploration through P-wave source and three-component geophone is an effective technique used in complicated reservoir exploration. In three-component seismic exploration data processing,one of the difficulties is static correction of converted wave. This paper analyzes propagation characteristics of non-converted and converted refracted waves,and discovers a favor-able condition for the formation of converted refracted wave,i.e. the velocity of overlaying medium S wave is much lower than that of underlying medium S wave. In addition,the paper proposes the static correction method of converted wave based on PPS converted refracted wave,and processes the real three-component seismic data with better results of static correction of converted wave.

关键词： PPS converted refracted wave converted wave static correction

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The migration fractionation: an important mechanism in the formation of condensate and waxy oil

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2000年第14期45卷 1341-1344页

作者： ZHANG Shuichangkey laboratory for petroleum geochemistry, china National petroleum Corporation, beijing 100083, china key laboratory for petroleum geochemistry China National Petroleum Corporation Beijing China

Fault-initiated pressure release within reservoirs and the injection of external excessive dry gas may result in occurrence of oil and gas phases. Because of different partitioning coefficients of compounds in two phase flow, lower-molecular-weight components are easier to dissolve in gas phase, yielding condensates, while higher-molecular-weight components are retained in the oil phase, yielding waxy oil cumulations. The fractionation process causes extensive compositional variability in aliphatic/aromatic hydrocarbon ratios, molecular compound distributions and carbon isotope ratios that are traditionally considered to be related to the source organic matter or the thermal maturity.

关键词： migration fractionation condensate waxy oil Lunnan oil zone.

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Study on attribute characterization for reservoir dynamic monitoring by seismic

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Science china Earth Sciences 2008年第S2期51卷 218-225页

作者： CHEN XiaoHong1,3,LI JingYe2,3 & ZHAO Wei4 1 key lab of Geophysical Exploration of cnpc,china petroleum University,beijing 102249,china 2 Basin & Reservoir Research Center,china petroleum University,beijing 102249,china 3 State key laboratory of petroleum Resource and Prospecting,china University of petroleum,beijing 102249,china 4 Research Center of CNOOC,beijing 100027,china key lab of Geophysical Exploration of cnpc China Petroleum University Beijing China State key laboratory of petroleum Resource and Prospecting China University of Petroleum Beijing China Basin & Reservoir Research Center China Petroleum University Beijing China Research Center of CNOOC Beijing China

Study on characterizing reservoir parameters dynamic variations by time-lapse seismic attributes is the theoretical basis for effectively distinguishing reservoir parameters variations and conducting time-lapse seismic interpretation,and it is also a key step for time-lapse seismic application in real oil fields. Based on the rock physical model of unconsolidated sandstone,the different effects of oil saturation and effective pressure variations on seismic P-wave and S-wave velocities are calculated and analyzed. Using numerical simulation on decoupled wave equations,the responses of seismic amplitude with different offsets to reservoir oil saturation variations are analyzed,pre-stack time-lapse seismic attributes differences for oil saturation and effective pressure variations of P-P wave and P-S converted wave are calculated,and time-lapse seismic AVO (Amplitude Versus Offset) response rules of P-P wave and P-S converted wave to effective pressure and oil saturation variations are compared. The theoretical modeling study shows that it is feasible to distinguish different reservoir parameters dynamic variations by pre-stack time-lapse seismic information,including pre-stack time-lapse seismic attributes and AVO information,which has great potential in improving time-lapse seismic interpreta-tion precision. It also shows that the time-lapse seismic response mechanism study on objective oil fields is especially important in establishing effective time-lapse seismic data process and interpreta-tion scheme.

关键词： time-lapse seismic dynamic monitoring rock physical model pre-stack attribute Amplitude Versus Offset (AVO)

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A physical model study of effect of fracture aperture on seismic wave

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Science china Earth Sciences 2008年第S2期51卷 233-240页

作者： WEI JianXin & DI BangRang cnpc key Physical Exploration laboratory,china University of petroleum,beijing 102248,china cnpc key Physical Exploration laboratory China University of Petroleum Beijing China

Based on Hudson’s theoretical hypothesis of equivalent fracture model,inserting aligned round chips in solid model can simulate fractured media. The effect of fractures on the propagation of P and S waves can be observed by changing the fracture thickness. The base model is made of epoxy resin,and the material of fractures is a kind of low-velocity mixture containing silicon rubber. With constant diameter and number of fractures in each model,one group of models can be formed through changing the thickness of fracture. These models have the same fracture density. By using the ultrasonic pulse transmission method,the experiment records time and waveform of P and S waves in the direction parallel and perpendicular to the fracture orientation. The result shows that,with the same fracture density,changing fracture aperture will affect both velocity and amplitude of P and S waves,and the effect on P-wave amplitude is much greater than that on the velocity. Moreover,the variation in velocity of S wave is more obvious in the slow shear wave (S2),while the variation in amplitude is more obvious in the fast shear wave (S1). These properties of wave propagation are useful for seismic data processing and interpretation.

关键词： fracture aperture Hudson’s fracture theory fractured model P-and S-wave velocity amplitude

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Application of C5-C13 light hydrocarbons in depositional environment diagnosis

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Progress in Natural Science:Materials International 2008年第9期18卷 1129-1137页

作者： Peirong Wanga,b,, Guanjun Xu a,c, Tingrong Xiaoc, Dajiang Zhanga,c, Bin Zhanga,c a key laboratory of petroleum geochemistry, china National petroleum Corporation, beijing 100083, china b Department of Organic geochemistry, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, china c Central laboratory of petroleum Geology, Research Institute of petroleum Exploration and Development, Petrochina, beijing 100083, china key laboratory of petroleum geochemistry China National Petroleum Corporation Beijing 100083 China Department of Organic geochemistry Yangtze University Jingzhou 434023 China Central laboratory of petroleum Geology Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChina Beijing 100083 China

Based on the geological background and Gammacerane/C31H(S + R) ratios, source rock depositional environments of the studied oil samples (194) from 13 oilfields were classified into three groups according to salinity:saline-lacustrine facies, fresh to brackish lacustrine facies (including limnetic facies), and semi-saline to saline facies (including marine facies of the Tarim Basin).C5-C13 compound groups in the crude oils were separated by GC, and about 286 compounds were qualitatively *** geochemical application of the C6-C13 compound groups and their ratios between each group with individual carbon number was *** studies show that (1) C6-C13 compound groups and their ratios in the crude oils could serve as new reliable parameters for oil-oil correlation because the C6-C13 light fractions are the major oil component, especially in light oil or condensate, in which they account for almost 90% of the whole oil;(2) the compound groups of C7 light hydrocarbons in oils derived from difierent depositional environments with difierent salinity have difierent characteristics;(3) C6-C13 compound groups and ratios may be afiected by other factors such as maturity, but they are mainly controlled by salinity of depositional waters.

关键词： Light hydrocarbons Crude oil Depositional environment Salinity

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The attenuation anisotropy of mudstones and shales in subsurface formations

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Science china Earth Sciences 2005年第11期48卷 1882-1890页

作者： SHI Ge1 & DENG Jixin1,2 1. The key labratory of Orogenic Belts and Crustal Evolution, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, beijing 100871, china 2. Geophysical Prospecting key lab (cnpc), University of petroleum, beijing 102249, china The key labratory of Orogenic Belts and Crustal Evolution School of Earth and Space Sciences Peking University Beijing China Geophysical Prospecting key lab (cnpc) University of Petroleum Beijing China

We have measured the relationships in the laboratorial condition between the at-tenuation in three samples of mudstones and shales as well as two samples of layered sand-stones and the alteration in direction, confining pressure and pore fluid. The relative contributions of different attenuation mechanisms are also discussed. Studies show that the attenuation in dry and saturated samples is strongly related to pressure and direction. The attenuation coefficient of P-wave propagating parallel to bedding (PH ) is less than that of P-wave propagating vertical to bedding (PV ), while the attenuation coefficient of S-wave both propagating and vibrating parallel to bedding (SH ) and that of S-wave propagating vertical to bedding while vibrating parallel to bedding (SV1) are less than that of S-wave propagating parallel to bedding while vibrating verti-cal to bedding (SV ). Under oil saturated conditions, the Biot flow attenuation acts as the domi-nant mechanism for waves propagating parallel to bedding, while the frame anelastic attenuation and squirt flow attenuation seem to play important roles in condition of propagation vertical to bedding.

关键词： mudstone, shale, attenuation, anisotropy, attenuation mechanism

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Characteristics of fluid substitution in porous rocks

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petroleum Science 2009年第2期6卷 139-145页

作者： Li Shengjie School of Resource and Information Technology China University of Petroleum Beijing 102249 China State key laboratory of petroleum Resource and Prospecting China University of Petroleum Beijing 102249 China key laboratory of cnpc Geophysical Exploration China University of Petroleum Beijing 102249 China

Analysis of the effect of changes in fluid properties of rocks on the compressional-wave velocity VP and shear-wave velocity Vs is very important for understanding the rock physical properties, especially in oilfield exploration and development. The fluid substitution process was analyzed by using ultrasonic measurement and theoretical calculations. The results showed that the effect of fluid substitution on the rock elastic modulus was mainly controlled by fluid properties, saturation, and confining pressure. For a rock with specific properties and porosity, the result of theoretical prediction for fluid substitution accorded with the experimental result under high confining pressure （higher than 60 MPa for our experimental data）, but failed to describe the trend of experimental result under low confining pressure and VP predicted by Gassmann＇s equation was higher than that measured by experiment. A higher porosity resulted in stronger sensitivity of the bulk modulus of saturated rocks to the change of fluid properties.

关键词： Fluid substitution velocity bulk modulus porosity saturation

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Mechanism of catalytic hydropyrolysis of sedimentary organic matter with MoS_2

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petroleum Science 2011年第2期8卷 134-142页

作者： He Kun Zhang Shuichang Mi Jingkui Chen Jianping Cheng Lei petroleum Geology Research and Central laboratory Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development （RIPED） PetroChina Beijing 100083 China cnpc key laboratories for petroleum geochemistry Beijing 100083 China

MoS2 was used as an efficient catalyst for hydropyrolysis （Hypy） of three samples of sedimentary organic matter with different maturities. Through comparison with Soxhlet extraction （SE）, it was found that MoS2 catalytic Hypy can remarkably promote the yields of total chloroform extracts, saturates, aromatics, hopanes and steranes. In addition, the difference of biomarker parameters indicated that isomerization of covalently-bound biomarkers is much more difficult than their free counterparts. Meanwhile, the high conversion of total organic carbon （TOC） in MoS2 catalytic Hypy of organic matter proved that the presence of dispersed molybdenum sulfide accelerated the breaking of C-C bonds and the release of hydrocarbons. To address the catalytic mechanism, a series of control experiments based on free Hypy and catalytic Hypy were conducted. The results showed that the calculated atomic ratio of carbon conversion/hydrogen conversion for catalytic Hypy was much larger than the presumed value of 1/2, indicating that intensive hydrogenation took place and significantly influenced the distribution of liquid products. Analysis of stable hydrogen isotope data, infrared spectra and m/z 83 ion chromatograph of the saturate fraction further confirmed this hypothesis. The difference of S content changing （AS） between catalyst-free Hypy and catalytic Hypy, and the thermal characteristics of the catalyst, indicated that active H2S was definitely generated and it probably initiated free radical reactions in the early stage of hydropyrolysis of organic matter.

关键词： Catalytic hydropyrolysis molybdenum disulfide kerogen coal Soxhlet extraction,biomarkers

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