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Formation mechanism of carbonate cemented zones adjacent to the top overpressured surface in the central Junggar Basin,NW china

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Science china Earth Sciences 2010年第4期53卷 529-540页

作者： YANG Zhi1,2,ZOU CaiNeng1,3,HE Sheng2,LI QiYan1,HE ZhiLiang3,WU HengZhi5,CAO Feng1,MENG XianLong4,WANG FuRong2 & XIAO Qilin21 State key laboratory of EOR,Research Institute of petroleum Exploration & Development,Petrochina,Beijing 100083,china 2 key laboratory of tectonics and petroleum resources of ministry of education,china university of geosciences,wuhan 4.0074.china 3 State key laboratory of EOR,Research Institute of petroleum Exploration & Development,Petrochina,Beijing 100083,china 4 Research Institute of petroleum Exploration and Production,SINOPEC,Beijing 100083,china 5 Southwest Branch Company,SINOPEC,Chengdu 610051,china 1. State key laboratory of EOR Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development PetroChina Beijing 100083 China2. Key Laboratory of Tectonics and Petroleum Resources of Ministry of Education China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China3. State Key Laboratory of EOR Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development Petrochina Beijing 100083 China5. Southwest Branch Company SINOPEC Chengdu 610051 China4. Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Production SINOPEC Beijing 100083 China

Carbonate cemented zones are normally adjacent to the top overpressured surface in the central Junggar Basin,NW *** carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions and petrological investigations of carbonate cements in the carbonate cemented zones indicate that:(1) carbonate cements are composed dominantly of ferrocalcite,ferroan dolomite,and ankerite;(2) carbonate cements are formed under a high temperature circumstance in the subsurface,and organic fluid migration has an important effect on the formation of them;and(3) carbon and oxygen ions in the carbonate cements migrate from the underlying overpressured *** suggests that the occurrence of carbonate cemented zones in this region results from multiple phases of organic fluid expulsion out of the overpressure compartment through geological *** study provides a plausible mechanism of the formation of carbonate cemented zones adjacent to the top overpressured surface in the clastic sedimentary basins,and has an important implication for understanding the internal correlation between the formation of carbonate cemented zones adjacent to top overpressured surface and geofluids expulsion out of overpressured system.

关键词： carbonate cemented zones formation mechanism stable carbon and oxygen isotopic top overpressured surface central Junggar Basin coal-bearing strata

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Transport network and flow mechanism of shallow ore-bearing magma in Tongling ore cluster area

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Science china Earth Sciences 2006年第4期49卷 397-407页

作者： DENG Jun1,2, WANG Qingfei1,2 , HUANG Dinghua3 , WAN Li4, YANG Liqiang1,2 & GAO Bangfei1,2 1. State key laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral resources, china university of geosciences, Beijing 100083, china 2. key laboratory of Lithosphere tectonics and Lithoprobing Technology of ministry of education, china university of Geo- sciences, Beijing 100083, china 3. Faculty of Earth Sciences, china university of geosciences, wuhan 4.0074, china 4. School of Mathematics and Information Science, Guangzhou university, Guangzhou 510405, china 1. State key laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral resources China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 China 2. key laboratory of Lithosphere tectonics and Lithoprobing Technology of ministry of education China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 China 3. Faculty of Earth Sciences China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China 4. School of Mathematics and Information Science Guangzhou University Guangzhou 510405 China

Abundant studies revealed that shallow intrusions of the Yanshanian epoch resulted in the mass mineralization of the Tongling region. Various evidences showed there existed a concealed magma chamber at ?10 km depth in the middle part of this region during Yanshanian epoch, from which the ore-forming magma was generated and then transported to the superficial layer. Yet the transport network and flow mechanism of the shallow ore-bearing magma, the key problem associ- ated with ore-forming process, was relatively little focused on. Integrate analysis of structural me- chanics, statistical fractal and geological facts suggested that NE trending high-angle fold-related thrust faults and the tessellated basement ones served as the main pathways for the shallow magma’s transporting, moreover, the saddle void spaces among adjacent strata in the folds upon this fault system provided the place for magma’s emplacement. So the folds in the upper part and faults in the lower part of the upper crust constituted the fluid’s transport and emplacement network. During the deformation of geologic body with multi-layer structure, the layers in the upper part tended to fold when received the jacking stress from the lower part, while the lower one inclined to fault undergoing loads of the upper part. And the producing probability of this structure assemblage was highly in- creased in the condition, such as in the Tongling area, that the mechanic rigidity of the lower layers was stronger than that of the upper ones. For the pre-existence of fluid-conducting network, the top magma with high volatile in the magma chamber transported rapidly to the superficial layer in dyking pattern, located in the void spaces of folds, filled and reconstructed them. The sudden drop of pres- sure caused the fluid unmixing from the magma and mass ore-forming elements concentration. Pulse activity of the dyking may be the principal reason why magmatic bodies in the Tongling area were spatially-temporally con

关键词： Tongling, structural network, magma intrusion, fractal, dyke.

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Main Controls on Hydrocarbon Accumulation in the Paleozoic in Central Saudi Arabia

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petroleum Science 2007年第2期4卷 10-17页

作者： Bai Guoping (key laboratory for Hydrocarbon Accumulation under ministry of education, china university of petroleum, Beijing 102249, china) key laboratory for Hydrocarbon Accumulation under ministry of education China University of PetroleumBeijing102249China

Sandi Arabia is renown for its rich oil and gas Mesozoic. However, the discovery of Paleozoic fields in resources with the bulk of the reserves reservo/red in the the late 1980s has encouraged further exploration in the Paleozoic. This paper reviews the salient features of the Paleozoic petroleum geology in central Saudi Arabia and discusses the main factors controlling hydrocarbon accumulation in the Paleozoic. The Lower Silurian Qusaiba hot shale is the principal source rock for the hydrocarbons discovered in the Ordovician to Permian reservoirs. Of them, the Permo- Carboniferous Unayzah and Upper Ordovician Sarah Formations have the best exploration potential. The key factors controlling hydrocarbon accumulation in the Unayzah Formation are migration pathways and reservoir petrophysics. The key factors controlling hydrocarbon accumulation in the Sarah Formation are reservoir petrophysics and the development of structural traps.

关键词： Paleozoic oil and gas accumulations central Saudi Arabia main controls Qusaiba hot shale Unayzah play,Sarah play

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Performance analysis and optimal design for well patterns in anisotropic formations

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petroleum Science 2008年第3期5卷 251-257页

作者： Liu Yuetian key laboratory of petroleum Engineering Ministry of Education China University of Petroleum Beijing 102249 China

The mechanism of the effects of anisotropic permeability on well patterns and reservoir development are investigated by coordinate transformation, fluid flow analysis, and reservoir development concepts. Anisotropy of permeability has reconstructive effects on well patterns. The originally designed flooding units are broken up, and new pattern units are made up of the wells that belong to different original units. The behavior possesses strong randomness, and leads to a complicated relationship among the injection and production wells, and unpredictable productivity of the formations. To prevent the break-up of well patterns, well lines should be either parallel or perpendicular to the maximum principal direction of the anisotropic permeability （i.e. the fracture direction）. To optimize the development effects ofanisotropic formations, the latitudinal and longitudinal well spacing of the well network are calculated from the principal values of the anisotropic permeability.

关键词： Fractured reservoir anisotropic permeability performance analysis well pattern design

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Macro-and microscopic mechanical behaviour of flow of coal samples experimentally deformed at high temperatures and pressures

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2005年第S1期50卷 59-66页

作者： LIU Junlai , YANG Guang & MA Rui State key laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral resources, china university of geosciences, Beijing 100083, china key laboratory of Lithosphere tectonics and Lithoprobing Technology of ministry of education, china university of geosciences, Beijing 100083, china College of Earth Sciences, Jilin university, Changchun 130061, china china Univ Geosci State Key Lab Geol Proc & Mineral Resources Beijing 100083 Peoples R China china Univ Geosci Minist Educ Key Lab Lithosphere Tecton & Lithoprobing Technol Beijing 100083 Peoples R China Jilin Univ Coll Earth Sci Changchun 130061 Peoples R China

Coal samples from Qinshui Basin, Shanxi, china are experimentally deformed at temperatures and confining pressures of 200 - 500℃and 200 - 500 Mpa, strain rate of 0.5×10-5/s and total strain of 10%. The vitrinite reflectance of the coal samples varies from 3.04 to 1.79. It is shown that the strengths of the deformed samples change obviously with coeval increasing temperatures and pressures (T/P). At the experimental range of T/P, the effects of increasing temperature predominate over that of increasing pressure. Microstructural analysis indicates a brittle to ductile transition under experimental T/P conditions from 200 to 300℃, and 200 to 300Mpa. Brittle deformation microstruc-tures include macroscopic fracture zones and penetrative fracture associations. Elongation, undulose or irregular extinction, deformation lamellae and dynamic recrystallization of grains are the main ductile deformation microstructures. The variation of deformation mechanisms of the experimentally deformed coal samples is related to both the components of coals and T/P conditions. At low T/P, fractures occur in both inertinite and vitrinite of the samples. At higher T/P, crystalline plastic deformations are observed in the inertinite only.

关键词： coal experimental deformation brittle to ductile transition.

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Thermodynamic conditions of framework grain dissolution of clastic rocks and its application in Kela 2 gas field

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Science china Earth Sciences 2005年第1期48卷 21-31页

作者： LAI Xingyun, YU Bingsong, CHEN Junyuan, CHEN Xiaolin, LIU Jianqing, MEI Mingxiang, JING Weiguang & CHENG Suhua School of Earth Sciences and Mineral resources, china university of geosciences, Beijing 100083, china key laboratory of Lithospheric tectonics, Deep-level Process and Exploration of ministry of education, Beijing 100083, china 1. china university of geosciences School of Earth Sciences and Mineral Resources 100083 Beijing China 2. key laboratory of Lithospheric tectonics Deep-level Process and Exploration of Ministry of Education 100083 Beijing China

Feldspar and clastic debris are the most important constituent framework grains of sedimentary clastic rocks and their chemical dissolution plays an essential role in the formation and evolution of the secondary pore in the reservoir rocks. On the basis of thermodynamic phase equilibrium, this study investigates the chemical equilibrium relationships between fluid and various plagioclase and K-feldspar in diagenesis of the sediments, particularly, the impact of temperature and fluid compositions (pH, activity of K+, Na+, Ca2+ and so on) on precipitation and dissolution equilibria of feldspars. Feldspar is extremely easily dissolved in the acid pore water with a low salinity when temperature decreases. The dissolution of anorthite end-member of plagioclase is related to the Ca content of the mineral and the fluid, higher Ca either in the mineral or in the fluid, easier dissolution of the feldspar. Moreover, the dissolution of albite end-member of plagioclase is related to Na of both the mineral and fluid, lower Na out of both the mineral and fluid, easier dissolution of the mineral. Similarly, lower-K fluid is more powerful to dissolve K-feldspar than the higher. The anorthite component of plagioclase is most easily dissolved in ground water-rock system, the albite is the secondary, and K-feldspar is the most stable. Selective dissolution of plagioclase occurs in diagenesis because of the plagioclase solid solution that is mainly composed of albite and anorthite end-members, Ca-rich part of which is preferentially dissolved by the pore water, in contrast to the Na-rich parts. Based on investigation of reservoir quality, secondary pore, dissolution structures of feldspar, clay minerals and ground water chemistry of the Kela 2 gas field of Kuqa Depression in the Tarim basin of Western china, we discovered that the secondary pore is very well developed in the highest quality section of the reservoir, and the plagioclase of which was obviously selectively dissolved, in c

关键词： dissolution of feldspar, thermodynamic conditions, groundwater pore chemistry, Kela 2 gas field.

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Numerical Approach for Thermal History Modelling in Multi-Episodic Rifting Basins

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Journal of Earth Science 2014年第3期25卷 519-528页

作者： Bo Kang Xinong Xie Tao Cui key laboratory of tectonics and petroleum resources of ministry of education China University of Geosciences CSIRO Land and Water

Pre-existing models for thermal history modelling have shown deficiency in explicit algorithms to establish the quantitative relationship between maturity indices and thermal gradients in some sedimentary basins that experienced multi-episodic rifting evolution. In this study, a forward and inverse combination model（FICM） is proposed to estimate the vitrinite reflectance（Ro） and thermal gradients. The forward module is used to calculate Ro values. It couples the EASY%Ro model with burial history reconstruction with consideration of thermal gradient variations during basin evolution. The inverse module reconstructs histoical thermal gradients by calibrating cmputed Ro against measured Ro data. The time-temperature series is a necessary input for both forward and inverse modules. Sample density is a profound factor influencing the accuracy of modelling results. In order to obtain satisfying outputs, a sufficient sample density is required. Thermal gradients are assumed to vary linearly between two given samples. Modelling results of case studies indicate that the sensitivity of heating time to Ro evlution is differnt with thermal gradients depending on geolgoical setting. Three difffernt districts, which include the time-sensitive area, the temperature-sensitive area and the non-sensitive area, can be recognized on the the relationship map among Ro variations, heating time and geothermal gradients. This model can be applied to reconstruct the thermal history and maturation evolution in a basin that has undergone complex multi-episodic rifting.

关键词： thermal history maturity EASY%Ro burial history vitrinite reflectance.

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Characterization and prevention of formation damage for fractured carbonate reservoir formations with low permeability

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petroleum Science 2008年第4期5卷 326-333页

作者： Shu Yong Yan Jienian key laboratory of petroleum Engineering Ministry of Education China University of Petroleum Beijing 102249 China School of petroleum Engineering China University of Petroleum Beijing 102249 China

Stress sensitivity and water blocking in fractured carbonate reservoir formations with low permeability were determined as the main potential damage mechanisms during drilling and completion operations in the ancient buried hill Ordovician reservoirs in the Tarim Basin. Geological structure, lithology, porosity, permeability and mineral components all affect the potential for formation damage. The experimental results showed that the permeability loss was 83.8%-98.6% caused by stress sensitivity, and was 27.9%-48.1% caused by water blocking. Based on the experimental results, several main conclusions concerning stress sensitivity can be drawn as follows： the lower the core permeability and the smaller the core fracture width, the higher the stress sensitivity. Also, stress sensitivity results in lag effect for both permeability recovery and fracture closure. Aimed at the mechanisms of formation damage, a modified low-damage mixed metal hydroxide （MMH） drilling fluid system was developed, which was mainly composed of low-fluorescence shale control agent, filtration control agent, lowfluorescence lubricant and surfactant. The results of experimental evaluation and field test showed that the newly-developed drilling fluid and engineering techniques provided could dramatically increase the return permeability （over 85%） of core samples. This drilling fluid had such advantages as good rheological and lubricating properties, high temperature stability, and low filtration rate （API filtration less than 5 ml after aging at 120 ℃ for 4 hours）. Therefore, fractured carbonate formations with low permeability could be protected effectively when drilling with the newly-developed drilling fluid. Meanwhile, field test showed that both penetration rate and bore stability were improved and the soaking time of the drilling fluid with formation was sharply shortened, indicating that the modified MMH drilling fluid could meet the requirements of drilling engineering and geology.

关键词： Fractured carbonate formations with low permeability stress sensitivity water blocking MMH drilling fluids formation damage control

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Differential retardation of organic matter maturation by overpressure

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Science china Earth Sciences 2004年第9期47卷 783-793页

作者： HAO Fang1,2, JIANG Jianqun1, ZOU Huayao1, FANG Yong1 & ZENG Zhiping2 1. key Lab for Hydrocarbon Accumulation Mechanism in the ministry of education, petroleum university, Beijing 102249, china 2. Department of petroleum Geology, china university of geosciences, wuhan 4.0074, china key Lab for Hydrocarbon Accumulation Mechanism in the ministry of education Petroleum University Beijing 102249 China Department of petroleum Geology China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074 China

The thermal evolution of organic matter (OM) is composed of a series of reactions that are paralell and successive with each other. Different reactions have different activation energy, different rates of product concentration variation, and different volume expansion effects, and therefore have different responses to overpressure, which determines the differential retardation of different OM maturation reactions and maturity parameters. Based upon comprehensive studies on the OM maturation in different pressure systems in the Yinggehai, Qiongdongnan and Bohai Bay basins, 4 hierarchies of overpressure retardation have been recognized. (1) OM maturation in all aspects has been retarded by overpressure. (2) The thermal evolution of hydrocarbons and thermal degradation of hydrogen-rich kerogens has been retarded, but the thermal evolution of hydrogen-poor kerogen components has not been affected by overpressure. As a result, vitrinite reflectance has not been retarded. (3) The thermal cracking of hydrocarbons has been retarded, yet overpressure has had little or no effect on thermal degradation of kerogens. (4) Overpressure has no detectable effect on all aspects of OM maturation. The hierarchy that overpressure has retarded all aspects of OM maturation is the combined result of early overpressure (overpressure began to develop when the source rock was still immature) and the protracted maintenances of closed fluid system. Any case that overpressure had developed too late, or overpressure was too small to reach the threshold values, or overpressured fluid had been frequently released, could give rise to the occurrence of state 4 that overpressure had no detectable effect on all aspects of OM maturation. It seems that in many basins, overpressure retardation of hierarchies 2 and 3 developed where the most commonly used maturity parameter, vitrinite reflectance, had not been affected. In theses cases, multiple parameters must be used to distinguish overpressure retardati

关键词： overpressure, organic matter maturation, hydrocarbon generation, differential retardation.

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Differential interformational velocity analysis as an effective direct hydrocarbon indicator under velocity reversal conditions,an example from the anomalously high temperature and over-pressured DF1-1 Gas Field in the Yinggehai Basin,South china Sea

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petroleum Science 2009年第4期6卷 339-346页

作者： Zhu Hongtao Liu keyu Chen Kaiyuan Li Min Huang Shengbing key laboratory of tectonics and petroleum resources of the ministry of education China University of GeosciencesWuhanHubei 430074China CSIRO petroleum P.O.Box 1130BentleyWA 6102Australia School of Energy resources China University of GeosciencesBeijing 100083China

In the DF1-1 Gas Field in the Yinggehai Basin, South china Sea, the velocity-depth plot and velocity spectra show significant variations from a linear trend, exhibiting a distinct reversal phenomenon. Velocity parameters derived from velocity spectral analysis of the seismic data and sonic logs indicate that the interval velocity reverses below 2,100 m (2.2 s two-way time (TWT)) in the DF1-1 Gas Field. Some direct hydrocarbon indicators (DHIs) models developed for the shallow strata cannot be simply applied to the moderately to deeply buried strata for direct exploration target recognition because the velocity reversal has caused the middle-deep gas reservoirs to exhibit a moderate or weak seismic amplitude. The hydrocarbon indicator method of “Differential Interformational Velocity Analysis (DIVA)” with the aid of other hydrocarbon indicating techniques was employed to effectively identify DHIs in the middle-deep strata under velocity inversion. The result has shown that the DIVA technique can be effectively used as a DHI in both the shallow and the middle-deep strata in the study area with the shallow strata characterized by Type I DIVA anomaly and the middle-deep strata characterized by the Type II DIVA anomaly.

关键词： DF1-1 Gas Field velocity reversal direct hydrocarbon indicator differential interformational velocity analysis South china Sea

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