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Hierarchy modeling of subsurface palaeochannel reservoir architecture

Science china Earth Sciences 2008年第S2期51卷 126-137页

作者： WU ShengHe1,YUE DaLi1,LIU JianMin2,SHU QingLin2,FAN Zheng1,3 & LI YuPeng1 1 Earth Sciences and Geoinformatics School,china university of petroleum,beijing 102.4.,china 2 SINOPEC Shengli Oilfield Co. Ltd.,Dongying 257000,china 3 beijing Telon High-tech Corporation,beijing 100085,china china Univ Petr Earth Sci & Geoinformat Sch Beijing 102249 Peoples R China SINOPEC Shengli Oilfield Co Ltd Dongying 257000 Peoples R China beijing Telon Hightech Corp Beijing 100085 Peoples R China

The studies on fluvial reservoir architecture are mainly aimed at outcrop and modern deposition,but rarely at the subsurface reservoir,so there are few effective methods to predict the distribution of subsurface reservoir architectures. In this paper,taking the meandering river reservoir of Guantao formation Gudao Oilfield,Jiyang depression,Baohai Gulf basin,East china as an example,the archi-tectural modeling method of complex meandering belt reservoir is proposed,that is hierarchy con-straint,pattern fitting and multi-dimensional interaction. Architectures of meandering river reservoir can be divided into three hierarchies: meandering channel sandbody,point bar and lateral accretion body. Different hierarchies of the quantitative architecture pattern are fitted to subsurface well data (including dynamic monitoring data) in different hierarchies through one-dimensional hole,2D profiles and plane and 3D space,which are verified by each other. And then 3D model in different hierarchies is established. At the same time,the quantificational relationship between width of active river and the scale of point bar is set up,and the scale of lateral accretion sand body and shale beddings is con-firmed with horizontal well data. The study not only has significant meaning on the development of geology,but also can improve the oilfield exploitation greatly.

关键词： reservoir architecture hierarchical modeling meandering river point bar lateral accretion body

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Ultrahigh pressure (>7 GPa) gneissic K-feldspar (-bearing) garnet clinopyroxenite in the Altyn Tagh, NW china: Evi- dence from clinopyroxene exsolution in garnet

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Science china Earth Sciences 2005年第7期48卷 1000-1010页

作者： LIU Liang1,3, CHEN Danling1, ZHANG Anda1, SUN Yong1, WANG Yan1, YANG Jiaxi1,2 & LUO Jinhai1 1. Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics of the Ministry of Education of china, Northwest university, Xi’an 710069, china 2. College of Earth Science and Land Resources, Chang’an university, Xi’an 710054, china 3. The Laboratory of Orogen and basin of the Ministry of Education, Peking university, beijing 100871, china Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics Ministry of Education of China Northwest University Xi'an 710069 China Laboratory of Orogen and basin Ministry of Education Peking University Beijing 100871 China College of Earth Science and Land Resources Chang'an University Xi'an 710054 China

The exsolution of clinopyroxene and rutile in coarse-grain garnet is found in the gneissic K-feldspar(-bearing) garnet clinopyroxenite from Yinggelisayi in the Altyn Tagh, NW china. The maximum content of the exsolved clinopyroxene in the garnet is up to >5% by volume. The reconstructed precursor garnet (Grt1) before exsolution has a maximum Si content of 3.061 per formula uint, being of supersilicic or majoritic garnet. The peak-stage metamorphic pressure of >7 GPa is estimated using the geobarometer for volume percentage of exsolved pyroxene in garnet and the Si-(Al+Cr) geobarometer for majoritic garnet, and the temperature of about 1000℃ using the ternary alkali-feldspar geothermometer and the experimental data of ilmen- ite-magnetite solid solution. The protoliths of the rocks are intra-plate basic and intermediate ig- neous rocks, of which the geochemical features indicate that they are probably the products of the evolution of basic magma deriving from the continental lithosphere mantle. The rocks are in outcrops associated with ultrahigh pressure garnet-bearing lherzolite and ultrahigh pressure garnet granitoid gneiss. All of these data suggest that the ultrahigh pressure metamorphic rocks in the Altyn Tagh are the products of deep-subduction of the continental crust, and such deep- subduction probably reaches to >200 km in depth. This may provide new evidence for further discussion of the dynamic mechanism of the formation and evolvement of the Altyn Tagh and the other collision orogenic belts in western china.

关键词： Altyn Tagh gneissic K-feldspar (-bearing) garnet clinopyroxenite clinopyroxene exsolution in garnet ultra-high pressure metamorphism.

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Spatio-temporal carbon isotope variation during the Ediacaran period in South china and its impact on bio-evolution

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Science china Earth Sciences 2009年第10期52卷 1520-1528页

作者： WANG XinQiang1 & SHI XiaoYing1,2 1 School of Earth Science and Mineral Resources, china university of Geosciences, beijing 100083, china 2 State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, beijing 100083, china School of Earth Science and Mineral Resources China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 China State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources Beijing 100083 China

The Ediacaran period is characterized by the extremely negative carbon isotope anomalies and great biotic evolution in Earth history. At least four negative carbon isotope anomalies have been reported from this interval in South china so far. It is traditionally argued that the isotope variations can be used as a useful tool for global correlation of Ediacaran succession; however, more and more researches argued against this idea. We reviewed the previously published carbon isotope data in South china, and distributed the mean values of a certain time to the paleogeographic maps. The results show that the carbon isotope values (δ13C) vary greatly in different environments, but a clear tendency of becoming lighter from shallow platform to deep basin, with a maximum variation up to 1‰ Moreover, the important changes in Ediacaran biota, marked by the introducing of new taxa or ecologic groups, seemed to always postdate the negative anomalies but coincide with the positive shift. If the negative excursions represented the oxidation of a large dissolved organic carbon (DOC) reservoir in the ocean, the diverse Ediacaran organisms and the carbon isotope anomalies may suggest totally different environments: oxic and anoxic/euxinic. We also suggest that the elimination of euxinic state through precipitation of pyrites is one of the important environment factors in prompting the Ediacaran bio-evolution.

关键词： Ediacaran South china carbon isotope spatio-temporal variations bio-evolution

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Hemipelagic Deposition of the Silurian Kepingtage Formation in Tarim basin and Its Sedimentologic Significance

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Journal of Earth Science 2009年第6期20卷 921-931页

作者：姜在兴王玥魏垂高 College of Energy China University of GeosciencesBeijing College of Geo-resource and Information China University of PetroleumDongying

Hemipelagic contourites were interpreted in the Silurian Kepingtage （柯坪塔格） Formation in the Tarim basin, Northwest china, through studies of outcrop, core, well-log, and seismic data. They are characterized by thin to thick bedded mudstone, with contour current irregularly thin bedded-lentiform siltstone and sandstone. Chitin stone, graptolite, thin-shelled bivalve, dissoconch, and acritatch fossils are present in dark-colored mudstones. A Helminthopsis-Scolicia trace fossil assem-blage was observed in the outcrop and drilling core. Sandstones are mainly well-sorted and subangular-subrounded sublitharenite. Sedimentary structures include oriented current structure, erosional surface, and small-scale cross stratifications. The potential of contourites as hydrocarbon source and reservoir rocks was evaluated on the basis of previous interpretations of paleoclimate and paleosalinity.

关键词： Tarim basin Silurian hemipelagic deposit contourite.

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Strategies for managing reservoir sedimentation

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International Journal of Sediment research 2009年第4期24卷 369-384页

作者： Zhao-yin WANG 1 and Chunhong HU 21 Prof., State Key Lab of Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua university, beijing 100084, china. 2 Prof., Secretary General of International research and Training center on Erosion and Sedimentation, beijing 100048, china and Vice President of china Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower research, No. A-1, Fuxing Rd, beijing 100038, china. [a] Prof. State Key Lab of Hydroscience and Engineering Tsinghua university beijing 100084 china [b] Prof. Secretary General of International research and Training center on Erosion and Sedimentation beijing 100048 china and Vice President of china Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower research No. A-1 Fuxing Rd beijing 100038 china

Sediment deposition in reservoirs has caused the loss of 66% of the reservoir capacity in china. The main sedimentation control strategies are: 1) storing the clear water and releasing the turbid water; 2) releasing turbidity currents; 3) Draw-down flushing and empty flushing; and 4) dredging. The paper summarizes these strategies with examples. Sediment transport in many Chinese rivers occurs mostly during the 2-4 month flood season, that is, 80-90% of the annual sediment load is transported with 50-60% of the annual runoff. By storing the clear water after the flood season and releasing the turbid water during the flood season, less sediment deposits in the reservoir while the reservoir is still able to store enough water for power generation in the low flow season. The Three Gorges and Sanmenxia reservoirs apply this strategy and control sedimentation effectively. Turbidity currents have become the main sedimentation control strategy for the Xiaolangdi reservoir. Empty flushing involves reservoir draw-down to temporarily establish riverine flow along the impound reach, flushing the eroded sediment through the outlets. Case studies with the Hengshan reservoir and Zhuwo reservoir are presented. Jet dredgers have been used to agitate the reservoir deposit so that the deposit is released from the reservoir with currents. The sediment releasing efficiency is 30-100% for storing the clear and releasing the turbid; 6-40 % for turbidity current; and 2,400-5,500% for empty flushing. Empty flushing causes high ecological stress on the ecosystem to the downstream reaches. Storing the clear and releasing the turbid is the best strategy to control reservoir sedimentation while achieving hydro-power benefit and maintain ecological stability.

关键词： reservoir sedimentation Storing clear and releasing turbid Flushing Turbidity current Three Gorges reservoir

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Genetic types and distribution of shallow-buried natural gases

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petroleum Science 2010年第3期7卷 347-354页

作者： Gao Yang Jin Qiang Zhu Guangyou College of Geo-resources and Information China University of Petroleum Dongying Shandong 257061 China petroleum Exploration and Development Institute PetroChina Beijing 100083 China

Great volumes of shallow-buried （〈2,000 m） natural gases which are mainly composed of biogases and low-mature gases have been found in the Mesozoic-Cenozoic sedimentary basins in china. Many shallow gas reservoirs in china are characterized by coexistence of biogas and low-mature gas, so identifying the genetic types of shallow gases is important for exploration and development in sedimentary basins. In this paper, we study the gas geochemistry characteristics and distribution in different basins, and classify the shallow gas into two genetic types, biogas and low-mature gas. The biogases are subdivided further into two subtypes by their sources, the source rock-derived biogas and hydrocarbon-derived biogas. Based on the burial history of the source rocks, the source rock-derived biogases are divided into primary and secondary biogas. The former is generated from the source rocks in the primary burial stage, and the latter is from uplifted source rocks or those in a secondary burial stage. In addition, the identifying parameters of each type of shallow gas are given. Based on the analysis above, the distributions of each type of shallow gas are studied. The primary biogases generated from source rocks are mostly distributed in Quaternary basins or modem deltas. Most of them migrate in watersoluble or diffused mode, and their migration distance is short. reservoir and caprock assemblages play an important role in primary biogas accumulation. The secondary biogases are distributed in a basin with secondary burial history. The oil-degraded biogases are distributed near heavy oil pools. The low-mature gases are widely distributed in shallow-buried reservoirs in the Meso-Cenozoic basins.

关键词： Primary biogas secondary biogas oil-degraded biogas low-mature gas genetic type gas identification gas accumulation distribution

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A quick evaluation model for CO_2 flooding and sequestration

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petroleum Science 2010年第4期7卷 515-523页

作者： Yao Yuedong Ji Zemin Key Laboratory of petroleum Engineering Ministry of Education China University of Petroleum Beijing 102249 China

CO2 flooding not only triggers an increase in oil production,but also reduces the amount of CO2 released to the atmosphere （by storing it permanently in the formations）.It is one of the best ways to use and store *** paper firstly selects the key factors after analyzing the factors influencing the CO2 storage potential in the formations and oil recovery,and then introduces a series of dimensionless variables to describe reservoir *** influencing factors with varying values are calculated through a Box-Behnken experimental *** results are interpreted by a response surface method,and then a quick screening model is obtained to evaluate the oil recovery and CO2 storage potential for an oil *** on the evaluation model,sensitivity analysis of each factor is carried ***,research on CO2 sequestration and flooding in a typical reservoir indicates that the evaluation model fits well with the numerical simulation,which proves that the evaluation model can provide criteria for screening attractive candidate reservoirs for CO2 sequestration and flooding.

关键词： Evaluation model enhanced oil recovery CO2 sequestration Box-Behnken design response surface method

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Eco-environment evolvement analysis of Ertan reservoir catchment based on remote sensing

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Science china(Technological Sciences) 2011年第S1期54卷 95-100页

作者： PANG ZhiGuo ,GE DeXiang & FU Jun E State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River basin,,china Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower research,beijing 100048,china 1. State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River basin China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research Beijing 100048 China

Hydropower project may bring with it social-economic profits as well as side *** built dam and reservoir often cause some problems to the surrounding areas,among which the ecological and environmental effects caused by hydropower projects are always concerned by the *** this article,we take the Ertan reservoir catchment as the research area and try to quantitatively analyze the variation of vegetation cover and soil erosion by remote sensing technique,and to comprehensively assess the evolvement and development trend of reservoir *** erosion,land use/cover are used as ecological and environmental indicators which reflect the changes before,after and in the period of the construction of Ertan hydropower *** by the multi-source remote sensing data(from satellite Landsat and CBERS) and DEM data,the land use/cover is interpreted through RS images which are classified both by unsupervised and supervised method,and the driving factors of the ecological changes are also *** the same time,the changes of soil loss are also monitored and analyzed during flood seasons of Ertan reservoir area before and after reservoir impoundment(1995,2000 and 2005) using the revised universal soil loss equation(RUSLE) .The results show that during the recent 13 years the arable land area has decreased obviously,and construction area and water surface have increased *** increase of vegetation cover has some relations with the implementation of local ecological projects,i.e.,de-farming to forestry and de-farming to pasture *** the same time,changes may also be caused by the climate adjustment in the reservoir *** the ten years from 1995 to 2005,the high soil loss classes were transforming to lowly level classes *** of these show that the soil loss of Ertan reservoir area is getting better.

关键词： Ertan reservoir catchment eco-environment land use/cover soil loss remote sensing

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Dipole anomaly in the Arctic atmosphere and winter Arctic sea ice motion

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Science china Earth Sciences 2005年第9期48卷 1529-1536页

作者： WU Bingyi1, ZHANG Renhe1 & WANG Jia2 1. Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, beijing 100081, china 2. International Arctic research center, university of Alaska Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA 1. Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences 100081 Beijing China 2. International Arctic research center University of Alaska Fairbanks 99775 AK USA

This paper investigates a previously-ignored atmospheric circulation anomaly-di- pole structure anomaly in the arctic atmosphere, and its relationship with the winter sea ice mo- tion, based on analyses of the International Arctic Buoy Programme Data (1979―1998) and datasets from the National center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) and the National center for Atmospheric research (NCAR) for the period of 1960―2002. The dipole structure anomaly is the second-leading mode of EOF of monthly mean SLP north of 70°N during the winter season (Oct.―Mar.), which accounts for 13% of the variance. One of its two anomaly centers is over the Canadian Archipelago; the other is situated over northern Eurasia and the Siberian marginal seas. Due to the dipole structure anomaly’s strong meridionality, it becomes an important mechanism to drive both anomalous sea ice export out of the Arctic basin and cold air outbreaks into the Barents Sea, the Nordic Seas and northern Europe.

关键词： dipole anomaly, winter season, Arctic, sea ice motion, sea ice export.

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Hydrocarbon accumulation in deep fluid modified carbonate rock in the Tarim basin

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Science Bulletin 2007年第S1期 184-192页

作者： Lü XiuXiang1, 2, XIE QiLai 3, YANG Ning1, 2& LI JianJiao1,2 1 basin & reservoir research center, china university of petroleum, beijing 102.4., china 2 State Key Laboratory of petroleum Resource and Prospecting, china university of petroleum, beijing 102.4., china 3 School of Resource and Environment, Agriculture university of South china, Guangzhou 510642, china

The activities of deep fluid are regionalized in the Tarim basin. By analyzing the REE in core samples and crude oil, carbon isotope of carbon dioxide and inclusion temperature measurement in the west of the Tazhong Uplift in the western Tarim basin, all the evidence confirms the existence of deep fluid. The deep fluid below the basin floor moved up into the basin through discordogenic fault and volcanicity to cause corrosion and metasomatosis of carbonate rock by exchange of matter and energy. The pore structure and permeability of the carbonate reservoirs were improved, making the carbonate reservoirs an excellent type of deeply buried modification. The fluorite ore belts discovered along the large fault and the volcanic area in the west of the Tazhong Uplift are the outcome of deep fluid action. Such carbonate reservoirs are the main type of reservoirs in the Tazhong 45 oilfield. The carbonate reservoirs in well YM 7 are improved obviously by thermal fluid dolomitization. The origin and territory of deep fluid are associated with the discordogenic fault and volcanicity in the basin. The discordogenic fault and volcanic area may be the pointer of looking for the deep fluid modified reservoirs. The primary characteristics of hydrocarbon accumulation in deep fluid reconstructed carbonate rock are summarized as accumulation near the large fault and volcano passage, late-period hydrocarbon accumulation after volcanic activity, and subtle trap reservoirs controlled by lithology.

关键词： deep fluid carbonate rock hydrocarbon accumulation the Tarim basin.

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