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Study on ground temperature change and characteristic response of engineering geology of permafrost along Qinghai-Tibet Railway

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Science china(Technological sciences) 2003年第z1期46卷 78-90页

作者： PAN Weidong, WANG Quancai, YU Shaoshui & ZHANG Xiaoyan Department of Mechanics, School of Physical Science and Technology, lanzhou University, lanzhou 73.000, china {3. of Mountain Hazards and Environment, chinese academy of sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Chengdu 610041, china State key laboratory of Frozen Soil engineering, cold and arid regions Environment and engineering {13. {3., chinese academy of sciences, lanzhou 73.000, china Sichuan Provincial Communications Department, Chengdu 610041, china lanzhou Univ Dept Mech Sch Phys Sci & Technol Lanzhou 730000 Peoples R China chinese Acad Sci Inst Mt Hazards & Environm Chengdu 610041 Peoples R China Minist Water Resources Chengdu 610041 Peoples R China chinese Acad Sci State Key Lab Frozen Soil Engn Cold & Arid Reg Environm & Engn Res Inst Lanzhou 730000 Peoples R China Sichuan Prov Commun Dept Chengdu 610041 Peoples R China

Along with the global warming in the recent scores of years, comparatively big changes have taken place in the weather and other environmental conditions of the permafrost area in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and very big changes have also occurred in the engineering geological conditions of the permafrost area. Based on a large volume of field survey data, this paper discusses the regularities of horizontal and vertical distribution of permafrost, with its focus of analysis on the temperature change characteristics of the soil in different frozen-soil zones, as well as presents simulation analysis and research for the engineering geologic characteristic response changes that would occur in the future when the temperature of the frozen soil in different zones rises by 1 and 2.6℃ respectively, which will have a tremendous impact on the stability of constructional work.

关键词： Qinghai-Tibet Railway, permafrost, ground temperature, engineering geological characteristic.

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Hydrological Characteristics of the Rongbuk Glacier Catchment in *** Region in the Central Himalayas,china

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Journal of Mountain Science 2010年第2期7卷 146-156页

作者： LIU Weigang REN Jiawen QIN Xiang LIU Jingshi LIU Qiang CUI Xiaoqing WANG Yetang State key laboratory of cryospheric {3. Cold andArid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 China institute of Tibetan Plateau research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 10085 China

From 8 April to 11 October in 2005, hydrological observation of the Rongbuk Glacier catchment was carried out in the Mr. Qomolangma （Everest） region in the central Himalayas, china. The results demonstrated that due to its large area with glacier lakes at the tongue of the Rongbuk Glacier, a large amount of stream flow was found at night, which indicates the strong storage characteristic of the Rongbuk Glacier catchment. There was a time lag ranging from 8 to 14 hours between daily discharge peaks and maximum melting （maximum temperature）. As melting went on the time lag got shorter. A high correlation was found between the hydrological process and daily temperature during the ablation period. The runoff from April to October was about 80% of the total in the observation period. Compared with the discharge data in 1959, the runoff in 2005 was much more, and the runoff in June, July and August increased by 69%, 3.% and 14%, respectively. The rising of temperature is a major factor causing the increase in runoff. The discharges from precipitation and snow and ice melting are separated. The discharge induced by precipitation accounts for about 20% of the total runoff, while snow and ice melting for about 80%.

关键词： Central Himalayas Mt. Qomolangma Rongbuk Glacier Hydrological characteristics

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Water environmental Degradation of the Source Area of the Yellow River on Northeast Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

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chinese Journal of Population,Resources and Environment 2005年第3期3卷 34-36页

作者： Qi Shanzhong 1, Luo Fang 2 & Xiao Honglang 2 1 College of Population, Resources and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, china 2 cold and arid regions environmental and engineering research institute, chinese Academic of {3., lanzhou, 73.000, china College of Population Resources and Environment Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 China cold and arid regions environmental and engineering research institute Chinese Academic of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 China

The issue on water environmental degradation in the source area of the Yellow River has been one of very serious ecological and socially economic problems. The temporal-spatial changes of water environment led to the decreasing of land capacity and river disconnecting. The status of water environmental degradation in this paper was analyzed based on the data and field investigation. The results indicated that the surface water area in the region has obviously decreased owing to the climate changes and human irrational use of water resources and the continuous lowering of the regional groundwater table and the steadily decreasing tendency of the flow rate in the source areas of the Yellow River.

关键词： water environmental degradation decreasing of surface water continuous lowering of groundwater table the Yellow River region Qinghai- Tibet Plateau

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Cooling effect of ripped-stone embankments on Qing-Tibet railway under climatic warming

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Science Bulletin 2003年第6期48卷 598-604页

作者： LAI Yuanming1, ZHANG Luxin1 , ZHANG Shujuan1 & MI Long2 1. State key Lab. of Frozen Soil engineering, cold and arid regions environmental and engineering research institute, {3., lanzhou 73.000, china 2. Department of Civil engineering, Northern Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, china State key Lab. of Frozen Soil engineering Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou China Department of Civil engineering Northern Jiaotong University Beijing China

The heat convection in ballast mass and ripped-stone mass in railway embankments is the problem of heat convection in porous media. In order to calculate the temperature distribution of Qing-Tibet railway embankment, from the governing equations used to study forced convec-tion for incompressible fluids porous media, the finite ele-ment formulae for heat convection in porous media are de-rived by using Galerkin抯 method. The temperature fields of the traditional ballast embankment and the ripped-stone mass embankment, constructed on July 15, have been ana-lyzed and compared under the case that the air temperature in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau will be warmed up by 2.0℃ in the future 50 years. The calculated results indicate that, the permafrost 5 m below the traditional ballast embankment will be thawed in the regions in which the air yearly-average temperature is larger than -3.5℃ or the yearly-average temperature at the native surface is larger than -1℃. The embankment will cause large thawing settlement. The rail-way embankment will be damaged by permafrost degrada-tion. The ripped-stone mass embankment can not only resist the effect of climatic warm up on it but also provide cool energy for the permafrost under it. It can assure permafrost stability and not subjected to thawing. Therefore, it is highly recommended that the ripped-stone mass embankment be taken as the Qing-Tibet railway embankment structure in high-temperature permafrost regions so that permafrost embankment can be protected as possible as we could.

关键词： cooling effect ripped-stone embankment climatic warming.

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Ice Surface-Elevation Change and Velocity of Qingbingtan Glacier No.72 in the Tomor Region,Tianshan Mountains,Central Asia

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Journal of Mountain Science 2011年第6期8卷 855-864页

作者： WANG Puyu LI Zhongqin LI Huilin WANG Wenbin WANG Feiteng College of Geography and Environment Science Northwest Normal University Lanzhou 730070 China State key laboratory of cryospheric {3. Cold and Arid Region Environment and Engineering Research Institute/Tianshan Glaciological Station Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 China

Glaciers in the Tomor region of Tianshan Mountains preserve vital water resources. However, these glaciers suffer from strong mass losses in the recent years because of global warming. From 2008 to 2009, a large-scale scientific expedition has been carried out in this region. As an individual reference glacier, the tongue area of Qingbingtan glacier No. 72 was measured by the high precise Real Time Kinematic-Global Position System （RTK-GPS）. In this paper, changes of the tongue area of Qingbingtan glacier No.72 has been studied based on topographic map, remote sensing image and the survey during 2008-2009 field campaign. Results indicated that the ice surface-elevation of the tongue area changed - 0.22~0.14 m a-1 from 1964 to 2008. The estimated loss in ice volume was 0.0144-0.009 km3. which represented a ~20 % decrease from the 1964 volume and was equivalent to average annual mass balance of -0.204-0.12 m water equivalent for the tongue area during 1964-2oo8. Terminus retreated by 1852 m, approximately 41 m a-1, with the area reduction of 1.53. km2 （0.03. km2 a-0 from 1964 to 2009. Furthermore, the annual velocity reached to -70 m a-1. Comparing with the other monitored glaciers in the eastern Tianshan Mountains, Qingbingtan glacier No.72 experienced more intensive in shrinkage, which resulted from the combined effects of climate change and glacier dynamic, providing evidence of the response to climatic warming.

关键词： Ice surface-elevation change Ice velocity Qingbingtan glacier No70 Tomor region TianshanMountains

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Regional Summer Temperature Decrease against Global Warming in china, Landform Effect?

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Journal of Mountain Science 2007年第1期4卷 86-90页

作者： LU Aigang PANG Deqian HE Yuanqing PANG Hongxi WANG Tianming GE Jianping Ministry of Education key laboratory for Biodiversity Science and engineering College of Life SciencesBeijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China institute of C-eography research Weinan Teachers College Weinan 714000 Shaanxi China cold and arid regions {3. and engineering institute Chinese Academy of SciencesLanzhou 730000 Gansu China

The data of 16o national meteorological observatory （NMO） stations with long-term monthly temperature data for china were analyzed in this study to show the basin-centered summer temperature decrease against global warming in the past half century. The summer and winter isotherm structures of 1950s and 1990s worked out by interpolation show the isotherm structure variations： the isotherm structure generally moves northward in winter, but in summer it is characterized with separate high-temperature and low-temperature centers and the isotherm structure moves inward the centers with global warming, indicating that the temperature in the highland areas increases but that in the lowland areas decreases in the summer of the duration. The possible mechanism of the basin-centered temperature decrease in summer is discussed in this paper.

关键词： Isotherm structure seasonal variation summer temperature decrease plateau-basin effect china

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Anomaly feature of seasonal frozen soil variationson the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

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Journal of Geographical sciences 2002年第1期12卷 99-107页

作者： WANG Cheng-hai1,2, DONG Wen-jie3. WEI Zhi-gang2 (1. College of Resource and environmental Science, lanzhou University, lanzhou 73.000, {3. 2. cold and arid regions environmental and engineering research institute, CAS, lanzhou 73.000, {3. 3. Insti College of Resource and environmental Science Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 cold and arid regions environmental and engineering research institute CAS Lanzhou 730000 institute of Atmospheric Physics CAS 北京 Beijing

The seasonal frozen soil on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has strong response to climate change, and its freezing-thawing process also affects East Asia climate. In this paper, the freezing soil maximum depth of 46 stations covering 1961–1999 on the plateau is analyzed by rotated experience orthogonal function (REOF). The results show that there are four main frozen anomaly regions on the plateau, i.e., the northeastern, southeastern and southern parts of the plateau and Qaidam Basin. The freezing soil depths of the annual anomaly regions in the above representative stations show that there are different changing trends. The main trend, except for the Qaidam Basin, has been decreasing since the 1980s, a sign of the climate warming. Compared with the 1980s, on the average, the maximum soil depth decreased by about 0.02 m, 0.05 m and 0.14 m in the northeastern, southeastern and southern parts of the plateau, but increased by about 0.57 m in the Qaidam Basin during the 1990s. It means there are different responses to climate system in the above areas. The spectrum analysis reveals different change cycles: in higher frequency there is an about 2-year long cycle in Qaidam Basin and southern part of the plateau in the four representative areas whereas in lower frequency there is an about 14-year long cycle in all the four representative areas due to the combined influence of different soil textures and solutes in four areas.

关键词： Qinghai-Tibet Plateau seasonal frozen soil rotated empirical orthogonal function analysis anomaly areas

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The Glacier Area Changes in the Qangtang Plateau Based on the Multi-temporal Grid Method and its Sensitivity to Climate Change

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Journal of Mountain Science 2011年第6期8卷 882-893页

作者： WANG Liping XIE Zichu WANG Xin LIU Shiyin DING Liangfu SHANGGUAN Donghui The College of Resources and environmental Science Hunan Normal University Changsha China cold and arid regions environmental and engineering research institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou China Department of Geography Hunan University of Science and Technology Xiangtan China

Glacier area changes in the Qangtang Plateau are analyzed during 1970-2000 using air photos,relevant photogrammetric maps and satellite images based on the multi-temporal grid *** results indicate that the melting of glaciers accelerated,only a few of glaciers in an advancing state during 1970-2000 in the whole Qangtang ***,the glaciers seemed still more stable in the study area than in most areas of western *** estimate that glacier retreat was likely due to air temperature warming during 1970-2000 in the Qangtang ***,the functional model of glacier system is applied to study climate sensitivity of glacier area changes,which indicates that glacier lifespan mainly depends on the heating rate,secondly the precipitation,and precipitation increasing can slow down glacier retreat and make glacier lifespan prolonged.

关键词： The Qangtang Plateau Glacier change Multi-temporal Climate change Functional model ofglacier system Simulation

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Simulation of oasis breeze circulation in the arid region of the Northwestern china

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Science china Earth sciences 2004年第z1期47卷 101-107页

作者： LU Shihua, AN Xingqin & CHEN Yuchuncold and arid regions environmental and engineering research institute, chinese academy of sciences, lanzhou 73.000, {3. 1. cold and arid regions environmental and engineering research institute Chinese Academy of Sciences 730000 Lanzhou China

In this paper, the process of oasis-desert circulation (ODC) is simulated by MM5V3.5 model through designing an ideal oasis-desert scheme and assuming that initial atmosphere is at rest (V= 0). The findings showed that the key of forming special oasis boundary structure is the difference of energy and water between oasis and desert. The evaporation of oasis surface consumes heat energy, and the low temperature of oasis causes an oasis breeze circulation (OBC), which drives an ODC with a downdraft over the oasis and an updraft over the desert. Later, the cold, dry and stable boundary over oasis is gradually formed, on the contrary, the atmospheric boundary over desert on the edge of oasis is hot, humid and unstable and its height is about 600 hPa. The updraft over the desert forms a wet ring that acts as a vertical wall weakening the low-level moisture exchange between the oasis and desert. The downdraft of OBC increases the atmospheric stability that reduces the oasis evaporation. The low-level outflow from the oasis (into the desert) prevents the dry, hot air flowing from the desert into the oasis. Thus an oasis self-preservation mechanism may be formed due to OBC. The horizontal area influenced by oasis is twice as oasis area and the vertical range is four times as oasis. The ODC is strong in the daytime and reaches the strongest at 17:00, and the influenced area is the largest at 20:00.

关键词： oasis atmospheric boundary layer numerical simulation.

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Bioremediation of Oil Spills in cold Environments: A Review

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Pedosphere 2009年第3期19卷 371-381页

作者： YANG Si-Zhong JIN Hui-Jun WEI Zhi HE Rui-Xia JI Yan-Jun LI Xiu-Mei YU Shao-Peng State key laboratory of Frozen Soil engineering Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 （China） lanzhou institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 （China） Department of Geography Harbin College Harbin 150086 （China）

Oil spills have become a serious problem in cold environments with the ever-increasing resource exploitation, transportation, storage, and accidental leakage of oil. Several techniques, including physical, chemical, and biological methods, are used to recover spilled oil from the environment. Bioremediation is a promising option for remediation since it is effective and economic in removing oil with less undue environmental damages. However, it is a relatively slow process in cold {3. and the degree of success depends on a number of factors, including the properties and fate of oil spilled in cold environments, and the major microbial and environmental limitations of bioremediation. The microbial factors include bioavailability of hydrocarbons, mass transfer through the cell membrane, and metabolic limitations. As for the environmental limitations in the cold {3., the emphasis is on soil temperatures, freeze-thaw processes, oxygen and nutrients availability, toxicity, and electron acceptors. There have been several cases of success in the polar {3., particularly in the Arctic and sub-Arctic {3.. However, the challenges and constraints for bioremediation in cold environments remain large.

关键词： bioremediation cold environments freeze-thaw processes frozen soils oil spills

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