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Need of surveillance response systems to combat Ebola outbreaks and other emerging infectious diseases in African countries

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2014年第1期3卷 278-284,277页

作者： ernest Tambo Emmanuel Chidiebere Ugwu Jeane Yonkeu Ngogang Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience Wits 21st Century InstituteFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of the WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa Center for Sustainable Malaria Control Department of BiochemistryFaculty of Natural and Agricultural SciencesUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences Department of Human BiochemistryNnamdi Azikiwe University AwkaNnewi CampusNigeria Facultédes Sciences Biomédicales Département de BiochimieUniversitéde YaoundéYaoundéRépublique du Cameroun National Institute of Parasitic Diseases Chinese Center for Disease Control and Preventionand the WHO Collaborating Centre on MalariaSchisostomiasis and FilariasisShanghai 200025PR China

There is growing concern in Sub-Saharan Africa about the spread of the Ebola virus disease(EVD),formerly known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever,and the public health burden that it *** 1976,there have been 885,343 suspected and laboratory confirmed cases of EVD and the disease has claimed 2,512 cases and 932 fatality in West *** are certain requirements that must be met when responding to EVD outbreaks and this process could incur certain *** the purposes of this paper,five have been identified:(i)the deficiency in the development and implementation of surveillance response systems against Ebola and others infectious disease outbreaks in Africa;(ii)the lack of education and knowledge resulting in an EVD outbreak triggering panic,anxiety,psychosocial trauma,isolation and dignity impounding,stigmatisation,community ostracism and resistance to associated socio-ecological and public health consequences;(iii)limited financial resources,human technical capacity and weak community and national health system operational plans for prevention and control responses,practices and management;(iv)inadequate leadership and coordination;and(v)the lack of development of new strategies,tools and approaches,such as improved diagnostics and novel therapies including vaccines which can assist in preventing,controlling and containing Ebola outbreaks as well as the spread of the ***,there is an urgent need to develop and implement an active early warning alert and surveillance response system for outbreak response and control of emerging infectious *** the unending risks of transmission dynamics and resurgence is essential in implementing rapid effective response interventions tailored to specific local settings and ***,the following actions are recommended:(i)national and regional inter-sectorial and trans-disciplinary surveillance response systems that include early warnings,as well as critical human resources developme

关键词： Surveillance response system Ebola Outbreak Emerging infectious diseases Africa

Assessment of aerobic biodegradation of lower-chlorinated benzenes in contaminated groundwater using field-derived microcosms and compound-specific carbon isotope fractionation

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2022年第8期34卷 204-213页

作者： Alba Trueba-Santiso Jordi Palau Jesica M.Soder-Walz Teresa Vicent ernest Marco-Urrea Department of Chemical Biological and Environmental EngineeringUniversitat Autonoma de Barcelona(UAB)08193 BellaterraSpain MAiMA group SGR Applied MineralogyGeochemistry and GeomicrobiologyDepartment of MineralogyPetrology and Applied GeologyFaculty of Earth SciencesUniversitat de Barcelona(UB)MartiFranques s/n08028 BarcelonaSpain

Biodegradation of lower chlorinated benzenes(tri-, di-and monochlorobenzene) was assessed at a coastal aquifer contaminated with multiple chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons. Field-derived microcosms, established with groundwater from the source zone and amended with a mixture of lower chlorinated benzenes, evidenced biodegradation of monochlorobenzene(MCB) and 1,4-dichlorobenzene(1,4-DCB) in aerobic microcosms,whereas the addition of lactate in anaerobic microcosms did not enhance anaerobic reductive dechlorination. Aerobic microcosms established with groundwater from the plume consumed several doses of MCB and concomitantly degraded the three isomers of dichlorobenzene with no observable inhibitory effect. In the light of these results, we assessed the applicability of compound stable isotope analysis to monitor a potential aerobic remediation treatment of MCB and 1,4-DCB in this site. The carbon isotopic fractionation factors(ε) obtained from field-derived microcosms were-0.7‰ ± 0.1 ‰ and-1.0‰ ± 0.2 ‰ for MCB and1,4-DCB, respectively. For 1,4-DCB, the carbon isotope fractionation during aerobic biodegradation was reported for the first time. The weak carbon isotope fractionation values for the aerobic pathway would only allow tracing of in situ degradation in aquifer parts with high extent of biodegradation. However, based on the carbon isotope effects measured in this and previous studies, relatively high carbon isotope shifts(i.e., Δδ13C > 4.0 ‰) of MCB or 1,4-DCB in contaminated groundwater would suggest that their biodegradation is controlled by anaerobic reductive dechlorination.

关键词： Groundwater Isotope fractionation Chlorobenzenes Aerobic biodegradation Anaerobic reductive dehalogenation Natural attenuation

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传病蚊媒对杀虫剂抗性的遗传学

国外医学（寄生虫病分册） 1993年第3期20卷 104-106页

作者： hemingway J 陈伟

对杀虫剂抗性遗传学的早期研究表明,单个有显著表型效应的半显性基因与抗性有关。生物化学研究还确定了由这些基因编码的少量酶和神经结构蛋白。近年来,已能通过测定基因型的频率来探索抗性机制。大部分有显著表型效应的抗性基因的分子... 详细信息

对杀虫剂抗性遗传学的早期研究表明,单个有显著表型效应的半显性基因与抗性有关。生物化学研究还确定了由这些基因编码的少量酶和神经结构蛋白。近年来,已能通过测定基因型的频率来探索抗性机制。大部分有显著表型效应的抗性基因的分子生物学研究正在进行之中,经扩增的致倦库蚊的酯酶B1基因已得到克隆。作者评述了蚊类杀虫剂抗性遗传学研究的一些新进展。

关键词：蚊杀虫剂抗性遗传学

Terlipressin versus placebo in living donor liver transplantation

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Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases International 2022年第1期21卷 76-79页

作者： Paschalis Gavriilidis ernest Hidalgo Robert P Sutcliffe Keith J Roberts Department of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary and Liver Transplant surgery Queen Elizabeth University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation TrustBirmingham B152THUK Department of Hepato-Pancreatico-Biliary Surgery and Transplantation Hospital Universitari Vall d’HebronBarcelona 08035Spain

To the Editor:Terlipressin is a long-acting synthetic analogue of vasopressin,demonstrating several potential benefits in the context of living donor liver transplantation(LDLT).During the recipient hepatec-tomy,terlipressin reduces the portal ***,it may mitigate the extent of bowel congestion following portal vein *** decreasing portal hyperperfusion and hypertension,it protects the graft from further injury and improves renal blood flow.

关键词： donor liver Terlipressin

Re-emerging Lassa fever outbreaks in Nigeria:Re-enforcing“One Health”community surveillance and emergency response practice

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2018年第1期7卷 366-372页

作者： ernest Tambo Oluwasegun T.Adetunde Oluwasogo A.Olalubi Africa Disease Intelligence and Surveillance Communication and Response(Afric DISCoR)InstituteYaoundeCameroon Higher Institute of Health Sciences Universite des MontagnesBangangteCameroon Department of Geography and Environmental Management University of IlorinIlorinKwara StateNigeria Department of Public Health Kwara State UniversityMaleteKwara StateNigeria

We evaluated the impact of man-made conflict events and climate change impact in guiding evidence-based community“One Health”epidemiology and emergency response practice against re-/emerging *** evidence of emerging and re-emerging zoonotic diseases including recent Lassa fever outbreaks in almost 20 states in Nigeria led to 101 deaths and 175 suspected and confirmed cases since August *** the 75 laboratory confirmed cases,90 deaths occurred representing 120%laboratory-confirmed case *** outbreak has been imported into neighbouring country such as Benin,where 23 deaths out of 68 cases has also been *** study assesses the current trends in re-emerging Lassa fever outbreak in understanding spatiogeographical reservoir(s),risk factors pattern and Lassa virus incidence mapping,inherent gaps and raising challenges in health *** is shown that Lassa fever peak endemicity incidence and prevalence overlap the dry season(within January to March)and reduced during the wet season(of May to November)annually in Sierra Leone,Senegal to Eastern *** documented a scarcity of consistent data on rodent(reservoirs)-linked Lassa fever outbreak,weak culturally and socio-behavioural effective prevention and control measures integration,weak or limited community knowledge and awareness to inadequate preparedness capacity and access to affordable case management in affected ***,robust sub/regional leadership commitment and investment in Lassa fever is urgently needed in building integrated and effective community“One Health”surveillance and rapid response approach practice coupled with pest management and phytosanitation measures against Lassa fever *** offers new opportunities in understanding human-animal interactions in strengthening Lassa fever outbreak early detection and surveillance,warning alerts and rapid response implementation in vulnerable *** on Africa CDC centre,advances in cloud-sourci

关键词： Evidence Early warning “One Health”approach Surveillance Lassa fever Response Nigeria Africa

有机磷抗性致倦库蚊种群中酯酶基因扩增的定量分析

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昆虫学报 2003年第1期46卷 11-17页

作者：乔传令 J.hemingway 李瑄中国科学院动物研究所 Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine

致倦库蚊Culexqinquefasciatus是丝虫病的主要传染媒介。通过生物测定、单个蚊虫酯酶α2和 β2基因拷贝数分析和酯酶 β基因序列比较 ,分析了抗性水平、抗性相关基因在种群中的分布及其基因拷贝数等的抗性分子特征。应用快速PCR仪(real ... 详细信息

致倦库蚊Culexqinquefasciatus是丝虫病的主要传染媒介。通过生物测定、单个蚊虫酯酶α2和 β2基因拷贝数分析和酯酶 β基因序列比较 ,分析了抗性水平、抗性相关基因在种群中的分布及其基因拷贝数等的抗性分子特征。应用快速PCR仪(real timequantitativePCRs)直接检测库蚊中酯酶基因和mRNA拷贝数。结果显示 :上海致倦库蚊对对硫磷的抗性LC50 为8 12 ,酯酶活性升高是上海致倦库蚊种群对有机磷杀虫药剂产生抗性的主要机理。编码致倦库蚊酯酶 β的氨基酸序列同编码尖音库蚊酯酶B1的氨基酸序列相比同源性为 98% ;同致倦库蚊酯酶B2氨基酸序列相比同源性为 10 0 % ,同环蹶库蚊酯酶B3氨基酸序列相比同源性为 90 % ,上海致倦库蚊中酯酶α和 β基因均扩增。有机磷抗性的上海和PellRR蚊虫种群中单个蚊虫酯酶α2和β2定量基因拷贝数均不同 ,其同一蚊虫个体的酯酶α2比酯酶 β2基因的拷贝数高 ,但没有明显的规律性 ,酯酶结构基因的扩增是上海致倦库蚊种群对有机磷杀虫药剂抗性的主要机理 ,估计在野外种群的杂合个体中存在多种调控机制。

关键词：致倦库蚊有机磷抗性基因扩增基因拷贝数定量PCR

Authentication Enhancement in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks (WLAN and Cellular GPRS/UMTS Networks)

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Authentication Enhancement in Heterogeneous Wireless Network...

作者： Mpundu N. ernest 华中科技大学

学位级别：硕士

作为主要通信的里程碑,互联网和移动无线技术正在迅速发展,改善本地和广域无线网络的通信环境。由于漫游对无线网络的要求,未来的无线网络的发展趋势是无线异构网络,需要融合无线局域网和蜂窝技术,利用各个不通方法中不同的技术,不长相... 详细信息

作为主要通信的里程碑,互联网和移动无线技术正在迅速发展,改善本地和广域无线网络的通信环境。由于漫游对无线网络的要求,未来的无线网络的发展趋势是无线异构网络,需要融合无线局域网和蜂窝技术,利用各个不通方法中不同的技术,不长相互之间的优缺点,这就是其与单个网络的优势。这些无线技术,通过支持多种互联网应用,如web浏览,电子邮件,视频和音频流具有不同的QoS要求,在这种不同的情况下,对于时延和丢报率的要求各不相同。比如垂直切换,被切换的两个网络之间要通过良好设计,使得两种网络之间可以平滑切换。合适的垂直切换授权机制在使HWN保证网络QoS的条件下,还有很长的研究过程。由于现存的授权控制机制的引入,保证网络对于多服务类型,多优先级的QoS进行了不同的服务。服务提供者运用不同的优先级对不同的用户进行区分,在这种情况下,有些移动终端通过支付更高的费用被赋予了更高的优先级,例如,在过拥塞的网络中,一些漫游的移动终端由于具有更高的优先级,可以在很短的时间内进行切换,保证通信质量,而其他移动终端也许就不能进行连接。但由于用户都趋向于廉价的服务,所以上述并没有从本质上得到改善。例如在无线局域网的情况下,授权系统给普通用户提供稳定的授权和服务机制,但是对于过拥塞的时间段,多个移动终端从不同的蜂窝网络中来来会会,授权和切换频频发生,在应用QoS保障机制的情况下,这会从很大程度上恶化网络,增加掉线概率。本论文中提供一种动态自适应的增强型的授权机制,融合无线局域网,2G网络,3G网络,还有蜂窝网,对移动终端的切换机制进行了改进。我们对每个地区的高于一个门限的切换次数进行统计和测量,并使用稳定授权机制来处理多切换中,减小切换门限和降低掉线率的方法。我们使用MATLAB和OPNET对进行仿真,仿真结果显示,当引入增强机制,移动终端可以从一个地区平滑切换到另外一个地区,并且切换时延很小,可以保证实时的服务得到很好的保障。

关键词：异构无线网络蜂窝电话无线局域网电子邮件网络切换垂直切换授权机制

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老人与海

老人与海

Lidar Measurements of Aerosols in the Tropical Atmosphere

作者： E.·海明威(E. hemingway)

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 1993年第3期10卷 365-378页

作者： P.C.S.Devara P.ernest Raj Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology Pune 411008 IndiaIndian Institute of Tropical Meteorology Pune 411008 India

Measurements of atmospheric aerosols and trace gases using the laser radar (lidar) techniques, have been in progress since 1985 at the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune (18°32'N, 73°51'E, 559 m AMSL), India. These observations carried out during nighttime in the lower atmosphere (up to 5.5 km AGL), employing an Argon ion / Helium-Neon lidar provided information on the nature, size, concentration and other characteristics of the constituents present in the tropical atmosphere. The time-height variations in aerosol concentration and associated layer structure exhibit marked differences between the post-sunset and pre-sunrise periods besides their seasonal variation with maximum concentration during pre-monsoon / winter and minimum concentration during monsoon months. These observations also revealed the influence of the terrain of the experimental site and some selected meteorological parameters on the aerosol vertical distributions. The special observations of aerosol vertical profiles obtained in the nighttime atmospheric boundary layer during October 1986 through September 1989 showed that the most probable occurrence of mixing depth lies between 450 and 550 m, and the multiple stably stratified aerosol layers present above the mixing depth with maximum frequency of occurrence at around 750 m. This information on nighttime mixing depth / stable layer derived from lidar aerosol observations showed good agreement with the height of the ground-based shear layer / elevated layer observed by the simultaneously operated sodar at the lidar site.

关键词： Laser radar Atmospheric aerosols Aerosol layer Nocturnal boundary layer Tropics