中国有效定价与基于贫困转移的环境政策(英文)
作者单位：Professor of Economics La Trobe University Melbourne Australia
会议名称：《北京论坛（2011）文明的和谐与共同繁荣--传统与现代、变革与转型》
会议日期：2011年
学科分类：02[经济学] 0202[经济学-应用经济学] 0201[经济学-理论经济学] 020106[经济学-人口、资源与环境经济学]
摘 要：China continues to address its internal environmental and poverty reduction problems. In most cases China’s environmental policies eschew use of efficiency-based pricing and instead rely on regulations and direct controls. Moves toward greater use of market-based instruments provide greater efficiency and effectiveness but can worsen the immediate economic situation of China’s poor citizens by increasing their living costs and by delivering outcomes that provide reduced immediate benefits even if do they avoid high future costs. This is not a comprehensive argument for limiting use of economic instruments since these have efficiency benefits and release revenue streams commensurate with the scale of environmental problems. The existence of poverty emphasises the need to tie pricing to compensations. These arguments are illustrated by using various Chinese environmental problems. Aspirations for international carbon mitigation agreements should reflect needs of the poor but, again, this does not imply a case for inaction. Outcomes depend, in part, on the impact of environmental policies on the living standards for those currently living in poverty. They also depend on tax transfer system efficiency. Given China’s environmental problems and its need to eventually grow sustainably while eliminating extreme poverty, the case for switching towards an environmental tax base is strong.