Toxic Potential of Palytoxin

作     者：Ji?í PATOCKA Ramesh C.GUPTA 吴庆华 Kamil KUCA 

作者机构：University of South Bohemia Ceske BudejoviceFaculty of Health and Social StudiesDepartment of Radiology and Toxicology Biomedical Research CenterUniversity Hospital Toxicology DepartmentMurray State University College of Life ScienceYangtze University Faculty of Informatics and ManagementUniversity of Hradec Kralove 

出 版 物：《Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology(Medical Sciences)》 (华中科技大学学报（医学英德文版）)

年 卷 期：2015年第35卷第5期

页      面：773-780页

核心收录：

学科分类：100405[医学-卫生毒理学] 1004[医学-公共卫生与预防医学(可授医学、理学学位)] 10[医学] 

基　　金：supported by Long Term Development Plan of University Hospital Hradec Kralove and University of Hradec Kralove the Project of Excellence FIM UHK as well as Yangtze Youth Talents Fund(Yangtze University) 

主　　题：dermal extremely subcutaneous analogues noted intravenous intramuscular potent intake hydrophilic 

摘      要：This review briefly describes the origin,chemistry,molecular mechanism of action,pharmacology,toxicology,and ecotoxicology of palytoxin and its analogues. Palytoxin and its analogues are produced by marine dinoflagellates. Palytoxin is also produced by Zoanthids（i.e. Palythoa）,and Cyanobacteria（Trichodesmium）. Palytoxin is a very large,non-proteinaceous molecule with a complex chemical structure having both lipophilic and hydrophilic moieties. Palytoxin is one of the most potent marine toxins with an LD50 of 150 ng/kg body weight in mice exposed intravenously. Pharmacological and electrophysiological studies have demonstrated that palytoxin acts as a hemolysin and alters the function of excitable cells through multiple mechanisms of action. Palytoxin selectively binds to Na＋/K＋-ATPase with a Kd of 20 p M and transforms the pump into a channel permeable to monovalent cations with a single-channel conductance of 10 p S. This mechanism of action could have multiple effects on cells. Evaluation of palytoxin toxicity using various animal models revealed that palytoxin is an extremely potent neurotoxin following an intravenous,intraperitoneal,intramuscular,subcutaneous or intratracheal route of exposure. Palytoxin also causes non-lethal,yet serious toxic effects following dermal or ocular exposure. Most incidents of palytoxin poisoning have manifested after oral intake of contaminated seafood. Poisonings in humans have also been noted after inhalation,cutaneous/systemic exposures with direct contact of aerosolized seawater during Ostreopsis blooms and/or through maintaining aquaria containing Cnidarian zoanthids. Palytoxin has a strong potential for toxicity in humans and animals,and currently this toxin is of great concern worldwide.