Diurnal brooding behavior of long-tailed tits （Aegithalos caudatus glaucogularis）

作     者：Jin YU Peng-Cheng WANG Lei LU Zheng-Wang ZHANG Yong WANG Ji-Liang XU Jian-Qiang LI Bo XI Jia-Gui ZHU Zhi-Yong DU 

作者机构：School of Nature Conservation Beijing Forestry University Beijing 100083 China College of Life Sciences Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China School of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Alabama A&M University Alabama 35762 USA Dongzhai National Nature Reserve Luoshan Henan 464236 China 

出 版 物：《Zoological Research》 (动物学研究（英文）)

年 卷 期：2016年第37卷第2期

页      面：84-89页

核心收录：

学科分类：0710[理学-生物学] 0830[工学-环境科学与工程（可授工学、理学、农学学位）] 07[理学] 0905[农学-畜牧学] 0906[农学-兽医学] 0833[工学-城乡规划学] 0713[理学-生态学] 0834[工学-风景园林学（可授工学、农学学位）] 

基　　金：Foundation item: This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31472011)ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are grateful to Peng ZHANG  Zheng CHEN  Jia-Hui WANG  and Hui-Jia YUAN of Beijing Normal University for field assistance  and staff from Henan Dongzhai National Nature Reserve for help during field work. We also thank editor for revising the English  and the two reviewers for their constructive comments  which have helped to improve the manuscript 

主　　题：Long-tailed tit Aegithalos caudatusglaucogularis Brooding Daytime Early nestling stage 

摘      要：Brooding is a major breeding investment of parental birds during the early nestling stage, and has important effects on the development and survival of nestlings. Investigating brooding behavior can help to understand avian breeding investment strategies. From January to June in 2013 and 2014, we studied the brooding behaviors of long-tailed tits （Aegithalos caudatus glaucogularis） in Dongzhai National Nature Reserve, Henan Province, China. We analyzed the relationships between parental diurnal brooding duration and nestling age, brood size, temperature, relative breeding season, time of day and nestling frequencies during brooding duration. Results showed that female and male long-tailed tit parents had different breeding investment strategies during the early nestling stage. Female parents bore most of the brooding investment, while male parents performed most of the nestling feedings. In addition, helpers were not found to brood nestlings at the two cooperative breeding nests. Parental brooding duration was significantly associated with the food delivered to nestlings （F=86.10, dr=l, 193.94, P〈0.001）, and was longer when the nestlings received more food. We found that parental brooding duration declined significantly as nestlings aged （F=5.99, dr=-1, 50.13, P=0.018）. When nestlings were six days old, daytime parental brooding almost ceased, implying that long- tailed tit nestlings might be able to maintain their own body temperature by this age. In addition, brooding duration was affected by both brood size （F=12.74, dr=-1,32.08, P=0.001） and temperature （F=5.83, df=-l, 39.59, P=-0.021）, with it being shorter in larger broods and when ambient temperature was higher.