Prostate cancer： diagnosis and staging

作     者：Nigel Borley Mark R. Feneley 

作者机构：Department of Urology University College Hospitals London NW1 2BU UK 

出 版 物：《Asian Journal of Andrology》 (亚洲男性学杂志（英文版）)

年 卷 期：2009年第11卷第1期

页      面：74-80页

核心收录：

学科分类：1002[医学-临床医学] 100214[医学-肿瘤学] 10[医学] 

主　　题：diagnosis imaging prostate cancer PSA staging 

摘      要：Prostate cancer represents an increasing health burden. The past 20 years, with the introduction of prostate-specific antigen （PSA）, has seen prostate cancer move increasingly from a condition that presented with locally advanced disease or metastases to one that is found upon screening. More is also known about the pathology ofpre-malignant lesions. Di- agnosis relies on trans-rectal ultrasound （TRUS） to obtain biopsies from throughout the prostate, but TRUS is not useful for staging. Imaging for staging, such as magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography, still has a low accuracy compared with pathological specimens. Current techniques are also inaccurate in identifying lymph node and bony me- tastases. Nomograms have been developed from the PSA, Gleason score and clinical grading to help quantify the risk of extra-capsular extension in radical prostatectomy specimens. Improved clinical staging modalities are required for more reliable prediction of pathological stage and for monitoring of response to treatments.