Changes in Florets’Vertical Direction within Inflorescence Affects Pollinator Behavior,and Fitness in Trifolium repens
作者机构：College of Life SciencesNorthwest Normal UniversityLanzhou730070China
出 版 物：《Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany》 (国际实验植物学杂志（英文）)
年 卷 期：2022年第91卷第8期
页 面：1617-1628页
核心收录：
学科分类：080704[工学-流体机械及工程] 080103[工学-流体力学] 08[工学] 0807[工学-动力工程及工程热物理] 0801[工学-力学（可授工学、理学学位）]
基 金：the National Natural Science Foundation of China Grant Nos.31860051 and 31360044
主 题：Trifolium repens floral vertical direction adaptive significances fitness
摘 要：interactions,many flowers are known to display their attractive qualities,such as scent emission,flower rewards and floral vertical direction,in a rhythmic ***,less is known about how plants regulate the relationship between these flower traits to adapt to pollinator visiting behavior and increase reproduction *** we investigated the adaptive significance of the flower bending from erect to downward in Trifolium *** observed the flowering dynamic characteristics(changes of vertical direction of florets,flowering number,pollen grain numbers,pollen viability and stigma receptivity over time after blossom)and the factors affecting the rate of flower bending in *** we altered the vertical direction of florets in inflorescence of different types(upright and downward),and compared the pollinator behaviors and female reproductive *** results showed that florets opened sequentially in inflorescence,and then bend downwards slowly after *** bending speed of florets was mainly influenced by pollination,and bending angle increased with the prolongation of flowering time,while the pollen germination rate,stigma receptivity and nectar secretion has a rhythm of“lowhigh-lowduring the whole period with the time *** visiting frequency of all the four species of pollinators on upward flowers was significantly higher than that of downward flowers,and they especially prefer to visit flowers with a bending angle of 30°–60°,when the flowers was exactly of the highest flower rewards(nectar secretion and number of pollen grains),stigma receptivity and pollen germination *** seed set ratio and fruit set ratio of upward flowers were significantly higher than downward flowers,but significantly lower than unmanipulated *** results indicated that the *** could increase female and male fitness by accurate *** most suitable flower angle saves pollinators’visiting energy and enables them to obtain the highes
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