Targets of immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: An update

作     者：Vikrant Rai Sandeep Mukherjee 

作者机构：Department of Translational ResearchWestern University of Health SciencesPomonaCA 91766United States Department of MedicineCreighton University School of MedicineOmahaNE 68124United States 

出 版 物：《World Journal of Hepatology》 (世界肝病学杂志（英文版）（电子版）)

年 卷 期：2022年第14卷第1期

页      面：140-157页

学科分类：1002[医学-临床医学] 100214[医学-肿瘤学] 10[医学] 

主　　题：Hepatocellular carcinoma Immunotherapy Immune checkpoint inhibitors Adoptive cell therapy Oncolytic vaccines Combination therapy 

摘      要：Hepatocellular carcinoma,the most common primary liver cancer,in an immunogenic tumor with a poor prognosis because these tumors are diagnosed at late ***,surgical resection,ablation,liver transplant,and locoregional therapies are available for early stages;however,there are yet no effective treatment for advanced and recurrent *** checkpoint inhibitor therapy and adoptive cell transfer therapy has gained the popularity with some positive results because these therapies overcome anergy and systemic immune ***,still there is a lack of an effective treatment and thus there is an unmet need of a novel *** present,the focus of the research is on oncolytic viral therapy and combination therapy where therapies including radiotherapy,immune checkpoint therapy,adoptive cell transfer therapy,and vaccines are combined to get an additive or synergistic effect enhancing the immune response of the liver with a cytotoxic effect on tumor *** review discusses the recent key development,the basis of drug resistance,immune evasion,immune tolerance,the available therapies based on stage of the tumor,and the ongoing clinical trials on immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy,adoptive cell transfer therapy,oncolytic viral vaccine therapy,and combination therapy.