Shadow Education in Europe: Growing Prevalence, Underlying Forces, and Policy Implications

作     者：Mark Bray 

作者机构：East China Normal University 

出 版 物：《ECNU Review of Education》 (华东师大教育评论（英文）)

年 卷 期：2021年第4卷第3期

页      面：442-475页

学科分类：0402[教育学-心理学(可授教育学、理学学位）] 02[经济学] 0202[经济学-应用经济学] 0401[教育学-教育学] 

基　　金：The author(s) received no financial support for the research  authorship  and/or publication of this article. 

主　　题：Europe market forces policies privatization private tutoring shadow education 

摘      要：Purpose:Private supplementary tutoring,widely known as shadow education,has long been visible in East Asia,and now has spread to other parts of the world including Europe.This article maps the phenomenon,showing variations within Europe and analyzing its growth,underlying forces,and policy implications.Design/Approach/Methods:The article assembles a regional picture from available national sources.It focuses on the 28 members of the European Union.Findings:Within Europe,four subregions may be identified.Most prominent for the longest duration has been Southern Europe,pushed by political forces and cultural factors.In Eastern Europe,shadow education became prominent following the collapse of the Soviet Union and accompanying economic and social structures during which teachers and others had to earn extra incomes.In Western Europe,the advent of marketization alongside government schooling has fueled the growth of shadow education.Only in Northern Europe does shadow education remain modest in scale,but it is growing there too.Originality/Value:The article identifies forces underlying the growth of shadow education in Europe and highlights policy implications.By contributing this regional perspective to the wider literature on shadow education,the article permits juxtaposition with patterns in East Asia and elsewhere.