Microglia regulation of synaptic plasticity and learning and memory

作     者：Jessica Cornell Shelbi Salinas Hou-Yuan Huang Miou Zhou Jessica Cornell;Shelbi Salinas;Hou-Yuan Huang;Miou Zhou

作者机构：Graduate College of Biomedical SciencesWestern University of Health SciencesPomonaCAUSA 

出 版 物：《Neural Regeneration Research》 (中国神经再生研究（英文版）)

年 卷 期：2022年第17卷第4期

页      面：705-716页

核心收录：

学科分类：0710[理学-生物学] 1002[医学-临床医学] 07[理学] 1001[医学-基础医学(可授医学、理学学位)] 071006[理学-神经生物学] 

主　　题：aging Alzheimer's disease cognitive deficits experience-dependent plasticity learning and memory mental disorders microglia synaptic plasticity synaptic pruning 

摘      要：Microglia are the resident macrophages of the central nervous system.Microglia possess varied morphologies and functions.Under normal physiological conditions,microglia mainly exist in a resting state and constantly monitor their microenvironment and survey neuronal and synaptic activity.Through the C1 q,C3 and CR3Eat Meand CD47 and SIRPαDon t Eat Mecomplement pathways,as well as other pathways such as CX3 CR1 signaling,resting microglia regulate synaptic pruning,a process crucial for the promotion of synapse formation and the regulation of neuronal activity and synaptic plasticity.By mediating synaptic pruning,resting microglia play an important role in the regulation of experience-dependent plasticity in the barrel cortex and visual cortex after whisker removal or monocular deprivation,and also in the regulation of learning and memory,including the modulation of memory strength,forgetfulness,and memory quality.As a response to brain injury,infection or neuroinflammation,microglia become activated and increase in number.Activated microglia change to an amoeboid shape,migrate to sites of inflammation and secrete proteins such as cytokines,chemokines and reactive oxygen species.These molecules released by microglia can lead to synaptic plasticity and learning and memory deficits associated with aging,Alzheimer s disease,traumatic brain injury,HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder,and other neurological or mental disorders such as autism,depression and post-traumatic stress disorder.With a focus mainly on recently published literature,here we reviewed the studies investigating the role of resting microglia in synaptic plasticity and learning and memory,as well as how activated microglia modulate disease-related plasticity and learning and memory deficits.By summarizing the function of microglia in these processes,we aim to provide an overview of microglia regulation of synaptic plasticity and learning and memory,and to discuss the possibility of microglia manipulation as a therapeutic to ameliorate cognitive deficits associated with aging,Alzheimer s disease,traumatic brain injury,HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder,and mental disorders.